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Neuroanatomy final exam > histo- cardiovascular system > Flashcards

histo- cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major components of the cardiovascular system? what is its major function?

A

Major components: Heart, blood vessels, blood

major function: transportation

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2
Q

the ____ are the receiving chambers of the heart

A

atria

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3
Q

the _____ are the discharging chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

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4
Q

what is the “pump for the systemic circuit”?

A

left side of the heart

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5
Q

what part of the heart is the “pump for the pulmonary circuit”

A

right side

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6
Q

Left Atrium – receives __________ blood

A

oxygenated

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7
Q

Right Atrium – receives _________ blood

A

deoxygenated

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8
Q

the Fibrous skeleton of the heart is composed of what parts?

A
  • Four fibrous rings surrounding valve orifices
  • Two fibrous trigones connecting rings
  • Membranous portion of interventricular and interatrial septa
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9
Q

the heart wall is lined with a _____ membrane

A

serous

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10
Q

what is the Epicardium?

A

outer layer of the heart

covered with a visceral layer of serous pericardium

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11
Q

what is the Myocardium? what is it primarily composed of?

A

middle layer of the heart

composed primarily of the cardiac muscle

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12
Q

which heart layer contains the fibrous skeleton?

A

myocardium

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13
Q

what are the 3 components of the endocardium?

A

1) endothelial cells
2) layer of dense connective tissue & smooth muscle
3) deep connective tissue (contains intrinsic conduction system)

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14
Q

name the two atrioventricular valves:

A

1) Tricuspid Valve

2) Bicuspid or Mitral Valve

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15
Q

name the 2 semilunar valves:

A

1) Aortic Semilunar Valve

2) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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16
Q

Heart valves enforce _____ blood flow through the heart

A

one way

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17
Q

heart valves open/close in response to what?

A

pressure changes

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18
Q

There are no valves associated with entrances of which structures?

A

1) venae cavae
2) coronary sinus
3) pulmonary veins into the heart

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19
Q

heart valves are composed of what?

A

connective tissue with overlying endocardium

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of heart valves?

A

1) spongiosa
2) fibrosa
3) Ventricularis

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21
Q

the spongiosa layer of heart valves:

A
  • loose connective tissue covered in endothelium
  • located on atrial or blood vessels side of valve
  • made of collagen and elastic fibers
  • functions as a shock absorber
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22
Q

Fibrosa layer of the heart valves:

A

-core of valve

contains fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings of heart

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23
Q

Ventricularis layer of heart valves:

A
  • dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium
  • adjacent to ventricular side of the valve.
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24
Q

from the atrial side to the ventricular side, name the layers of the heart valves

A

1) spongiosa
2) fibrosa
3) ventricularis

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25
The cardiac muscle of the heart is able to _________________without impulses from the nervous system
depolarize and contract
26
what system allows the heart to depolarize and contract without input from the nervous system?
intrinsic cardiac conduction system
27
what are noncontractile cardiac cells called?
cardiac conducting cells or autorhythmic cells
28
_________ can generate an action potential without nervous system input.
cardiac conducting cells or autorhythmic cells
29
autorhythmic cells are organized into nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts called _________
Purkinje Fibers
30
what can effect the intrinsic heart rate?
- sympathetic input - parasympathetic input - hormones
31
what is the "pacemaker of heart"? how does it determine heart rate?
Sinoatrial Node determines heart rate through its sinus rhythm
32
from the sinoatrial node, impulses travel to the _________ by what pathway do they travel?
atrioventricular node travel via the internodal pathway/tracts
33
why is the electric impulse delayed in the atrioventricular node?
to allow the for the atria to contract
34
from the AV node, where will impulses travel?
impulse travels from atrioventricular node to the right and left AV bundles
35
what is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles?
Atrioventicular Bundle (AKA- Bundle of His)
36
where do the branches of the atrioventricular bundle go?
toward apex of heart through interventricular (IV) septum
37
where do pacemaker impulses terminate?
Purkinje Fibers -finish pathway in interventricular septum, around apex of heart, and head back towards atria
38
what are the 2 Cells of the Intrinsic Conduction System?
1) Nodal cardiac cells | 2) Purkinje fibers
39
Nodal Cardiac Cells: where are they found? what are they made of?
- Found in the SA and AV nodes | - made of modified cardiac muscle cells
40
Purkinje Fibers: where are they found? what are they made of?
- Found in AV bundle, bundle branches, and subendothelial branches (found in the ventricles) - made of modified cardiac muscle cells
41
T/F: Purkinje fibers and nodal cardiac cells are larger than the contractile cardiac cells around them
False: Nodal cardiac cells are smaller Purkinje fibers are larger
42
Three major types of blood vessels are:
1) arteries 2) veins 3) capillaries
43
The walls of blood vessels (except the smallest) have three layers/tunicas. Name them.
1) Tunica Interna 2) Tunica media 3) tunica externa
44
what are the three parts of the tunica interna?
a. endothelium b. basal lamina c. subendothelial layer
45
Tunica Media – contains rings of _________
smooth muscles cells
46
In cross section, arteries will appear more ______ and veins more ______
arteries- open veins- collapsed
47
what is the thickest layer of arteries? veins?
arteries- tunica media | veins- tunica externa
48
name the 4 types of arteries
1) Elastic or Conducting Arteries (Large Arteries) 2) Muscular or Distributing Arteries (Medium Arteries) 3) Small Arteries 4) Arterioles
49
walls of elastic/conducting arteries contain large amounts of ________
elastic fibers
50
which type of artery/arteries can contain vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis in their walls?
elastic arteries muscular arteries
51
where are Continuous Capillaries found?
muscle, lung, and central nervous system
52
where are Fenestrated Capillaries found?
endocrine glands and at sites of fluid and metabolite absorption
53
Fenestrated capillaries contain oval pores called what?
fenestrations
54
where are discontinuous capillaries found?
Found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
55
in which capillaries can you see pinocytotic vessels?
Continuous & Fenestrated capillaries
56
which type of capillary can contain pericytes?
continuous capillaries
57
what structures form a functional unit called the microcirculatory bed?
1) the arteriole 2) the capillary network 3) and the postcapillary venule
58
Two Types of Vessels in the Capillary Network:
1) True Capillaries | 2) Arteriovenous (AV) Anastomoses or Shunts
59
The More the Precapillary Sphincters Relax (and the smooth muscle of the AV shunt contract), the more…...
the more blood will pass through the true capillaries in the capillary beds.
60
The More the Precapillary Sphincters Contract, the more…...
the more blood will pass through the arteriovenous anastomoses and bypass the true capillaries.
61
name the 4 types of veins, starting from the smallest
1) venule 2) small veins 3) medium veins 4) large veins
62
what tunica layer is largest in veins? (especially large & medium veins)
Tunica adventitia
63
what makes up the valves found in the veins of the limbs?
thin folds of tunica intima– endothelial cells over a thin layer of connective tissue
64
a capillary consists of only one layer: they ______
endothelium
65
in blood vessels, the internal elastic membrane surrounds the ____________, and the external elastic membrane surrounds the ___________
internal elastic membrane- tunica interna/intima external elastic membrane- tunica media

Neuroanatomy final exam (10 decks)

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