Histopathology Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Derivative of methanol.
Fixes fats, mucin, glycogen
A
Formaldehyde
2
Q
-Most widely used for Electron Microscopy
-Fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry
-2.5% for small tissues
-4.0% for large tissues
A
Glutaraldehyde
3
Q
-Fixative for acid mucopolysaccharide
-4% concentration
-For connective tissue mucin
A
Lead Fixative
4
Q
-Fixative for mucopolysaccharide, nuclear proteins
A
Newcomer’s fluid
5
Q
Best fixation temperature and time for Newcomer’s fluid
A
3 degrees C for 12-18 hours
6
Q
Made up of mercuric chloride stock solution and glacial acetic acid before use.
Used for trichrome staining.
A
Zenker’s fluid
7
Q
Fixes connective tissue, liver, spleen, nuclei
A
Zenker’s fluid
8
Q
Most rapid fixative
A
Carnoy’s fluid
9
Q
Fixative for chromosome, lymph glands, urgent biopsies, Nissl granules
A
Carnoy’s fluid
10
Q
Most common fixative
Used for tissue photography
5-7% saturated aqueous solution
Renal tissue, connective tissue, muscle, fibrin
A
Mercuric chloride
11
Q
Microanatomical and cytological fixative
Used for the identification of cytoplasmic granules
For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs (spleen, liver)
A
Helly’s fluid or Zenker’s formol
12
Q
Fixative for hemosiderin (iron pigments:hgb)
Recommended for mitochondria, mitotic figures, chromatin, colloid-containing organs, RBC, Golgi bodies
A
Regaud’s fluid
13
Q
Fixative for embryo
Contains picric acid
Glycogen-containing tissue samples
A
Bouin’s fluid
14
Q
Fixative for early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis
For Rickettsiae spp identification
A
Orth’s fluid
15
Q
Cytological fixative
Tumor biopsies of the skin
A
Heidenhain’s Susa Fluid
16
Q
Fixative used for post-mortem changes, research tissues, surgical storage tissues, elastic fibers, iron pigments/deposits
A
10% Neutral buffered formalin
17
Q
Fixative for general post-mortem changes
CNS tissues
A
10% Formol saline
18
Q
Fixative for routine post-mortem changes
Lipids
A
Formol corrosive/ Formol sublimate
19
Q
Better and less messy than Bouin’s
Fixes glycogen
A
Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol solution
20
Q
Fixes nuclear structures
A
Flemming’s fluid with glacial acetic acid
21
Q
Consists of chromic acid and osmic acid
Fixes cytoplasmic structures
A
Flemming’s fluid without glacial acetic acid
22
Q
Golden yellowish brown solution
Fixes glycogen and stains connective tissue
Primary component of Bouin’s
Causes precipitation of all types of proteins
A
Picric acid
23
Q
“Conjugated fixative”
Solidifies at 17 degrees Celsius
Precipitates chromosome and chromatin
A
Glacial acetic acid
24
Q
Fixative and dehydrant
Used for brain damage (rabies diagnosis)
Cold temperature fixative: -5 to 4 deg C
Demonstrates activities of enzymes (lipases, phosphatases)
A
Acetone
25
Fixative and dehydrant
Small hone fragments
Precipitates proteins
Alcohol
26
Fixes bacteriologic smears
37 to 56 deg c
Enhances fixation
Heat
27
Histological fixative and decalcifier
1-2% concentration
Fixative for carbohydrates
Strong oxidizing agent
Interferes with hematoxylin dye reactions
Chromic acid
28
3% concentration
Fixes mitochondria and lipids
Potassium dichromate
29
6% at 20 deg C
Pale yellow powder
Fixative and stain
For fat and fat derivative sources, adrenal glands, myelin, peripheral glands, cytoplasmic structures
Osmic acid/ Osmium tetroxide
30
Substitute for glutaraldehyde
Used in electron microscopy and ultrathin microtomy
Strong oxidizing agent
Inhibits hematoxylin dye reactions
Osmic acid / Osmium tetroxide
31
Fixative for sputum samples
Gemdre's fluid
32
Tissue softeners
1. Perenyi's fluid
2. Lendrum's fluid
3. Molliflex
4. 2% HCl
5. 1% HCl in 70% ethanol
33
Decalcifier
4% aqueous phenol
For fingernails and uterine currettimgs
Lendrum's fluid
34
Fixative and a decalcifier
Minute bone spicules
Strong oxidizing agent
Interferes with hematoxylin dye reactions
Chromic acid
35
Very slow decalcifier
Minute pieces of bones
Sulfurous acid
36
Very slow, weak decalcifier
Good nuclear staining
Does not require washing out method
Trichloroacetic acid
37
Decalcifier for autopsy materials
3-24 hours
Formic acid + sodium citrate solution
38
Fixative and decalcifier
Derivative of formaldehyde
For routine post-mortem research tissues
Moderately in action
Small: 2-7 days
Large: greater than 7 days
Formic acid
39
Nitric acid-based decalcifier
Silver impregnation of nerve fibers
Consists of chloral hydrates (dissolves in alcohol, H2O + HNO3)
De Castro's fluid
40
Most rapid decalcifier: 12-24 hours
Urgent works
Poor nuclear staining
Phloroglucin nitric acid
41
Excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
PH 4.5
Less distortion of tissue cells
Too slow for routine
Citric acid citrate buffer solution
42
Most common decalcifier
Routine purposes: Rapid (5-10% concentration)
Fastest
Urgent biopsies
Nitric acid
43
Decalcifier and tissue softener
Nitric acid-based solution (0.5% chromic acid; 1% HNO3; 100% alcohol)
Slow for bone tissue
Maceration is avoided
Perenyi's fluid
44
Tissue softener that turns tissue soapy and swollen
Molliflex
45
1-5%
Tissue softener and decalcifier
1 & 2%: tissue softener
Recommended for surface tissue block
Inferior than nitric acid: better nuclear staining
Hydrochloric acid
46
Decalcifier for pieces of bones and teeth
Moderately in action
Cytological studies (nuclear, cytoplasm)
Von Ebner's fluid
47
Dehydrant and clearing agent
Causes less shrinkage
6 months exposure: conjunctival irritation -> blindness
Doesn't dissolve aniline dye
Tetrahydrofuran
48
Readily miscible in different solvents
Substitute for methanol
Causes minimum shrinkage
Sectioning and smears
Triethyl phosphate
49
Chemical name of Dioxane
Diethylene dioxide
50
Dehydrant and clearing agent
Expensive and toxic (not recommended for routine)
Dioxane
51
Chemical name of cellosolve
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME)
52
Dehydrant preferred for propylene based glycol ethers
Combustible: 110-120 deg F
Does not cause hardening and distortion even if stored for several months
Water-soluble wax
Cellosolve
53
Fixative and dehydrant
Suitable for urgent biopsies
Harden tissues than ethanol does
Flammable and volatile
Acetone
54
Miscible with water
Expensive
Does not harden tissues
Isopropanol
55
Plant and animal tissue microtechniques
Butanol
56
Fixative and dehydrant
Blood and tissue films and smears
Toxic: breast cancer
Methanol
57
Most common, cheap, not poisonous
70% : 1 change
95% : 1 change
100% ; 3 changes
Ethanol
58
Clearing agent most common for routine use
Clearing in embedding and mounting
<3 mm: 15-30 mins
>5 mm: 30-60 mins
Miscible with Canada Balsam
Suitable for urgent biopsies
Unsuitable for brain and lymph nodes
Xylene/Xylol
59
Lymph nodes, embryo, and nervous tissues (clearing agent)
Toxic into the liver
Chloroform
60
Clearing agent for CNS tissues and cytological studies (skin, smooth muscle)
Both paraffin and celloidin embedded sections
Disadvantage: slow (5-6 days)
Cedarwood oil
61
Clearing agent for routine Post-mortem research tissues
Substitute for xylene/benzene
Not carcinogenic but emits toxic fumes
Toluene or Toluol
62
Clearing agent recommended for urgent biopsies
Carcinogenic: bone marrow damage
Aplastic anemia
Benzene
63
Ratio of phenol to xylene in carbol-xylene
1:3
64
Substitute for chloroform
Expensive
Carbon tetrachloride
65
Clearing agent for delicate specimens, insects, embryos
Aniline oil
66
Used for tissues that are difficult to clear
Carbol-xylene
67
Slow, minimum shrinkage of tissues, adulterated tissues
Clove oil
68
"Artificial oil of Lilac"
Substitute of cedarwood oil
Terpineol
69
Clearing agent for large pieces of tissues and embryonic materials
Amyl acetate
70
Slow, expensive
"Double embedding" (celloidin, paraffin)
Methylbenzoate/Salicylate
71
Other Clearing Agents
1. Carbon tetrachloride
2. Carbol-xylene
3. Oil of Bergamont
4. Phenol in alcohol
5. Creosate
72
Simplest
MP: 56-57 deg C
Can be used for 2x
Shrinkage at 10% upon cooling
Paraffin oven: 2-5 deg C above MP
Paraffin
73
Substitute for paraffin
More elastic, more resilient
Not requires cooling
No crumble tissues formed
MP: 57 deg C
Paraplast/ Histoplast
74
Synthetic wax
Less brittle and less compressible tissue ribbons
Embeddol
75
For eye sections
Semi-synthetic wax
Bioloid
76
Consists of rubbers
Derivative or product of paraffin
Tissue mat
77
Concentrations of ____
2% small tissues
4% medium-sized tissues
8% large, thick tissues
Celloidin
78
Stainless steel; tissue block is embedded
Plastic mold is placed on top
Plastic embedding mold
Tissue-Tek sytem
79
Base mold is fitted to a base ring
Base ring serves as the block holder
Plastic embedding rings and base molds
80
Easy, cheap, different sizes, avoids confusion
Uses filter paper
Paper boats
81
Uses ordinary ref
Treated first with glycerin before use
Recommended for busy laboratories
Plastic ice trays
82
May be placed directly in the chunk or block holder
Peel away
83
3 types of disposable molds
1. Peel away
2. Plastic ice trays
3. Paper boats
84
With several interlocking plates, several compartments
Advantage: emb more specimens at a time (reduced time for emb tissue blocks)
Compound E unit
85
2 inverted L-shaped heavy metal or brass arranged on a flat metal surface (plate)
Can be moved to adjust specimen
For routine purposes
Leuckhart's Embedding mold
86
2 types of celloidin wax
1. Parloidion
2. LVN (Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose): more expensive
87
Paldwell Trefall
1881
10-12 microns
Rocking/Cambridge
88
Smallest type
Both small and large paraffin emb sections
Ideal for actual practice
60-90 ribbons with sections
Rocking/Cambridge
89
Minot
1885-1886
4-6 microns
Rotary
90
Heavier and more stable than Rocking microtome
Most commonly used for routine paraffin emb sections
Rotary
91
Adams
1781
4-9 microns
Sliding
92
For celloidin emb sections
Sliding
93
Most dangerous type of microtome
Movable, exposed knife
Standard Sliding
94
Has 2 moveable pillars that holds the adjustable knife clamps
Base Sledge Sliding
95
0.5 microns
For Electron Microscopy
Connected to an electron microscope
Smallest ribbon
Uses broken plate glass knife
Ultrathin
96
For frozen sections (Quenching or Rapid Freezing)
For fat sections
Feeezing
97
Queckett
1848
10-15 microns
Freezing
98
For fluorescent antibody staining
Fresh tissue examination
Urgent biopsies
Cold microtome or Cryostat
99
Temp for non-fatty tissues
Temp for fatty tissues
-15 to -25 deg C
-35 deg C
100
Temperature at which cold microtome machine is maintained
-20 deg C
101
Counterstain for epithelial cells
Contrast to provide background
Aniline blue
102
Common basic nuclear stain
Valuable for plasma cells
Methylene Blue
103
Oldest stain
Stains amyloid for microscopic study of starch granules
Iodine
104
Natural dye derived from the heartwood of a Mexican tree
Requires ripening
Most commonly used for immunohistochemistry
Karyosome: dark blue; nucleus: blue; cytoplasm: pink
Hematoxylin
105
Most valuable stain
Used as a counterstain
Eosin
106
Stains chromatin green
Give False positive reactions with certain secretions such as mucin
Methyl green
107
Eosin
___: blue- deep red
___: yellow-green
Eosin B
Eosin Y
108
A plasma stain
Deep staining for acid fast organisms
Basic Fuschin
109
Most reliable and specific histochemical staining technique for DNA
Fuelgen's stain
110
Metachromatic dye
For leukocytes
Methylene violet
111
Contrast stain for gram's stain, in Acid fast, Papanicolau method and Diphtheria organism
Bismarck Brown
112
Nuclear stain substitute for thionine for fresh frozen tissue
Nissl / Tigroid granules and chromophilic bodies
Toluidine blue
113
For amyloid, fungi, platelets in blood
One of the primary stains for Gram stain
Crystal violet
114
Calcium: black
Metallic Impregnation Stain
Tissue/bacteria: clear
Von Kossa Silver Nitrate
115
Mixture of picric acid and acid fuschin
For demonstration of connective tissue
Simplest method of differential staining of collagen
Van Gieson
116
Used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes
Giemsa
117
Resistant to strong acids
Recommended for routine staining of fixed sections
Alternative to Iron Hematoxylin nuclear stain
Celestine Blue
118
Stains Ascaris eggs, RBCs, bacterial spore (both a decolorizer and a counterstain)
Malachite Green
119
Colored salt of Ferric Ferrocyanide
Normally used for the manufacture of paints
Prussian Blue
120
Excellent stain for elastic fiber
__ + ammonia -- expised to air --> blue or violet
HbsAg demonstration
Orcein
121
For demonstration of connective tissue (Fixative and stain)
Picric acid
122
Used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations
Carmine
123
Used for differential staining of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Aldehyde Fuschin Stain (Gomori)
124
DNA: green to blue-green
RNA: rose red
Methyl Green Pyronin
125
Stains mucopolysaccharide
More specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucins
Alcian Blue
126
Best Vital Dye/Stain
Cell granules and vacuole phagocytic cells
Neutral Red
127
Best known as an indicator
Utilized as a stain for axis cylinder in embryos
4% aqueous solution: elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin
Congo Red
128
For demonstrating mitochondria during intravital staining
Janus Green B
129
Stain for connective tissue
Azocarmine
130
Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections
Victoria Blue
131
Stains blood and glandular tissues
Rhodamine B
132
Demonstrates deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities
Acridine Red 3b
133
Used as a substitute for Carbol Fuschin
Night Blue
134
Permits discrimination between dead and living cells
DNA: green fluorescence
RNA: Red fluorescence
Acridine Orange
135
Used for staining hemoglobin
Benzidine
136
Most sensitive among all of the fat dyes
Stains phospholipids
Sudan Black
137
Stains triglycerides and neutral lipids (deep red)
Sudan IV/Scharlach R
138
Stains fats (orange)
Sudan III
139
Used in spirochetes reticulum and fiber stains
Metallic Impregnation stain
Silver Nitrate (10%)
140
Histochemical stain used for the demonstration of carbohydrates (glycogen)
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
141
Staining for muscles and bones;
Astrocytes
Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)
142
Used for muscle demonstration
Chromogen for Immunohistochemistry
Stains 2-5 mins
Staind elements rose red color
Lissamine Fast Red Tartrazine method
143
Used for fats
Osmic acid/ Osmium tetroxide
144
Melanin (Silver modification) black
Metallic Impregnation Stain
Masson Fontana Technique
145
Diagnostic for Bile pigments
Gmelin's test
146
Hemosiderin (Iron-containing pigment for hemoglobin)
Perl's Prussian Blue
147
For hemoglobin
Benzidine method
148
For astrocyte
Cajal's Gold Sublimate
149
Neurons, Axons, Neurofibrils
Bielschowsky's technique
150
For normal myelin sheaths
Weigert-Pal technique
151
For copper
Lindquist's modified Rhodamine
152
For bacteria
Gram-Twort
153
Bacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces
Brown and Brenn
154
Helicobacter
Cytological evaluation
Simple but rapid
Cresyl Violet Acetate
155
Legionella pneumophilia
Dieterle
156
For spirochetes
Levatidi's method/ Warthin-Starry
157
For fungi
Grocott Methanamine Silver (GMS)
158
For Reticular fibers
Gordon and Sweet's method
159
Progressive stain
RES (Reticuloendothelial system tissues)
Trypan Blue
160
For cytology (rapid, differential)
Fluorescent staining microscopy
Polychrome stain
