Bacteriology part 2 Flashcards by Kamel Caragay

-Found in domesticated animals
-Often transmitted through contaminated pork, water or milk
-Causes bloody diarrhea, manifests with fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
-Can cause inflammation around appendix or in mesenteric lymph node
-May mimic Crohn’s disease or appendicitis

Yersinia enterocolitica

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-Cause of bubonic plague (“black death”)
-Humans get disease from rat flea bites Xenopsylla cheopsis

Yersinia pestis

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-Chief reservoirs are reptiles and freshwater fish
-Infections often involve aquatic environments
-H2S (+)
-Indole (+), differential from Salmonella

Edwardsiella tarda

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-Only oxidase (+) Enterobacteriaceae
-Pleomorphic Gram negative rods in singles, pairs, short chains, or long filaments
-Grows on SBA, CHOC. Most grow on MAC, appear as NLF. Does not grow on TCBS
-Biochemical and antigenic similarities to Shigella
-Oxidase (+)
-Motile

Plesiomonas shigelloides

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-Most common non-fermenter
-GN, motile rods with single polar flagella
-Beta hemolytic, obligate aerobe , producing sweet or grape-like or corn taco-like odor
-Oxidizes glucose
-Citrate (+)
-Oxidase (+)
-Catalase (+)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Nonfluorescing bluish pigment

Pyocyanin

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Fluorescent yellow pigment

Fluorescein

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Fluorescent green pigment

Pyoverdin

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Dark red pigment

Pyorubin

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Black pigment

Pyomelanin

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Transmission is via water aerosols, raw vegetables, flowers

P. aeruginosa

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-Often found in nosocomial infections
-Infections in burn sites, wounds, urinary tract particularly in immunocompromised patients
-gives rise to blue-green pus

P. aeruginosa

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Causes meningitis when introduced by lumbar puncture during a neurosurgical procedure

P. aeruginosa

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Causes chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients (an exopolysaccharide, alginate, is responsible for the mucoid colonies seen in cultures from these patients)

P. aeruginosa

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-Causes mild otitis externa in swimmers (“swimmer’s ear”)

P. aeruginosa

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Causes eye infection after surgery or surgical procedures

P. aeruginosa

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Causes fatal sepsis in infants or debilitated persons.

P. aeruginosa

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-Lesions seen in P. aeruginosa that causes fatal sepsis in infants or debilitated persons;
-hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin
-Often do not contain pus

Ecthyma gangrenosum

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Causes a form of folliculitis associated with poorly chlorinated hot tubs and swimming pools

P. aeruginosa

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Causes osteomyelitis in IV drug users

P. aeruginosa

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Can cause fever or shock in P. aeruginosa patients

Endotoxin (LPS)

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Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2), necessary for protein synthesis

Exotoxin A

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-Gram negative rod similar to Pseudomonas
-patients to cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease
-catalase (+)
-Oxidase (+)
-Lysine decarboxylase (+)

Burkholderia cepacia complex

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-Small, non-motile, non pigmented gram negative rods
-Causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys (glander’s disease)
-Inhalation of organism may lead to pneumonia

Burkholderia mallei

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-Small, motile, gram-negative bacillus -Acquired by inhalation, ingestion or contamination of abraded skin -Most commonly causes pulmonary infection, which may present as tuberculosis -Agent of meliodosis (Whitmore's disease aka Vietnamese time bomb") acquired by contamination of skin abrasions and possibly by ingestion or inhalation

Burkholderia pseudomallei

-Bipolar "safety pin" staining on Methylene blue/ Wright's stain -Aerobic, grows on standard bacteriologic media at 42 deg C -Oxidase (+) -Oxidizes glucose, lactose, and a variety of other carbohydrates

B. pseudomallei

Formerly known as Pseudomonas maltophilia, Xanthomonas maltophilia -Free living gram negative rod that is widely distributed in the environment -Lavender-green or gray colonies on blood agar -Oxidase (-) -DNAse (+) -LDC and oxidation of glucose and maltose (hence the name)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

-Aerobic, gram negative bacteria widely distributed in soil and water -usually coccobacillary or coccal in appearance -commensals but occassionally cause nosocomial infection -grows well on most types of media -nonhemolytic -catalase (+) -may be mistaken for Neisseria -oxidase (+) -often multidrug resistant

Acinetobacter baumanii

-easily confused with N. gonorrhoeae -does not ferment glucose and grows on nutrient agar -oxidase (+) -nonmotile

Moraxella osloensis

-isolated in soil and water, including moist hospital environments -transmission: contaminated medical devices and solutions -oxidase (+) -non lactose fermenting -motile rods with peritrichous flagella -feather-edged colonies surrounded by a zone of greenish discoloration on BAP -Odor: Fruity odor resembling apples or strawberries

Alcaligenes fecalis

Pfeiffer's bacillus

H. influenzae

most common cause of meningitis in infants under 2 years of age in the US

H. influenzae type B

Type of H. influenzae that causes epiglottis ("cherry red" epiglottis), pneumonia, cellulitis, otitis media

Type B

-Also knowns as Koch-Weeks bacillus -cases pink eye conjuctivitis

H. aegyptius

-Cause of ulcerative chancroid, and STD seen as a painful genital ulcer -gram stain: "schools of fish"

H. ducreyi

Dew drop colonies

H. influenzae

Haemophilus colonies grow more luxuriously next to Staphylococcus streak -

"Satellite phenomenon"

Test for the strains that do not require X factor.

ALA (delta-aminolevulini acid) test

-small coccobacillus, non-motile and hemolytic

Bordetella

"Whooping cough; 100 day cough" -transmitted by aerosolized droplets -produces pertussis toxin, which impairs recruitment of neutrophils -requires special media -urease (-)

B. pertusis

3 stages of pertusis

1. Catarrhal - most contagious 2. Paroxysmal - whooping cough 3. Convalescent - recovery

Bordetella -motile (peritrichous) -urease (+) -oxidase (-)

B. bronchoseptica

Bordetella -nonmotile -urease (+) -oxidase (+)

B. parapertussis

-Fastidious -gram neg rod but does not gram stain well -silver stains used

Legionella

-requires iron and L-cysteine -best medium is BUFFERED CHARCOAL YEAST EXTRACT AGAR (BCYE)

Legionella

-First identified at American Legion convention -infection from inhalation of aerosolized bacteria

Legionella pneumophila

2 infections caused by Legionella pneumophila

1. Legionnaire's disease 2. Pontiac fever

multi-system disease, (not only pulmonary, but gastrointestinal, central nervous and renal systems)

Legionnaire's disease

-formerly Haemophilus vaginalis -tiny fastidious rod, gram reaction variable -common in genital tract women with vaginitis, occasionally causes neonatal sepsis, postpartum bacteremia

Gardnerella vaginalis

Best culture medium for G. vaginalis

Human Blood Tween agar (HBT)

"Sniff" test on vaginal discharge (10% KOH)

G. vaginalis

vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria - usually found in wet mount of discharge

Clue cells

-fermenter, oxidase (+); not a member of Enterobacteriaceae -causes voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea

Vibrio cholerae

V. cholearae is best isolated in __

Alkaline (pH 8.4) peptone broth

Best agar medium on V. cholerae

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS) agar yellow colonies: sucrose fermenter

Test wherein V. cholerae is viscid and forms a string, when lifted from the slide with a loop, that persists for 45-60 seconds

String test

Any organism that is indole (+) and NO3 (+) is also ___ positive

Cholera red (+)

Both cause food poisoning (diarrhea) found in raw oysters -obligate halophile (requires 3-7% NaCl) -Grows on XLD agar, but alkaline peptone water and TCBS agar best -String and cholera rest tests (-)

Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus

-microaerophilic, slender, curved, gram neg rod -motile with single polar flagellum

Campylobacter

-causes enteritis -leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide -common trigger of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME , a demyelinating disease characterized by ascending weakness

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

-nonfermentative -oxidase (+) -Catalase (+) -nitrate (+) -H2S (-) -grows in 1% glycine -Hippurate (+)

C. jejuni

-curved, flagellated, motile gram negative rod -"Triple positive": catalase (+), oxidase (+), urease (+)

H. pylori

___ hydrolyzes urea to compounds that damage epithelium -produces ammonium (alkaline) -protects bacteria from stomach acid

Urease

3 diagnosis of H. pylori

Biopsy Urea breath test Stool antigen

slow growing, gram negative bacilli associated with endocarditis: colonizes oropharynx, -growth enhanced by increased CO2

AACEK Group

-Formerly Haemophilus asphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus -uncommon cause of endocarditis -associated with slowly progressive (subacute) bacterial endocarditis

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

-small gram negative bacillus -nonmotile -resembles Pasteurella. -causes granulomatous disease in animals -Colonies: STAR-SHAPE CONFIGURATION

Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) actinomycetemcomitans

-Normally found in the upper RT -isolated as a rare cause of endocarditis (esp with an exisitng heart defect or anatomic heart defects)

Cardiobacterium hominis

-"corroding bacterium" -small, fastidious, capnophilic, gram-negative rods -normal flora of the gingival crevices and bowels in 40 - 70% of humans -infects human bites which may be self-infliceted -oxidase (+) -may pit or corrode the agar surface (BAP) -capnophilic, requires 2-3 days for growth -odor: "SHARP ODOR OF BLEACH"

Eikenella corrodens

-oxidase positive and ferments glucose -short coccobacillus with rounded ends -require blood for growth and may pit the agar

Kingella kingae

-Gram positive sporulating anaerobic rods -motile with peritrichous flagella -live as saprophytes -may produce lecithinase and lipase -can ferment a variety of sugars (saccharolytic) and digest proteins (proteolytic)

Clostridium

-terminal spores ("lollipop") -gelatin hydrolysis (+) -glucose fermentation (+)

C. tetani

-neurotoxin produced by C. tetani which causes tetanus -spastic paralysis -classic symptoms: Lockjaw (trismus) , Risus sardonicus, Opisthothonus

Tetanospasmin

-Ubiquitous organisms found in vegetables, fruits, seafood, soil -cause the disease botulism ("Floppy baby syndrome" in infants)

C. botulinum

-Toxin produced by the ingestion of food with C. botulinum commonly from canned foods -works at the neuromuscular junction and prevents ACh release. -results in no muscle contraction, thus flaccid paralysis

Botulinum toxin

-Type of botulism associated with toxin ingestion from undercooked food usually in adults

Food botulism

Types of botulism wherein there are ingestion of spores --> growth in infant intestine -associated with contaminated honey

Infant botulism

Types of botulism wherein there is bacterial growth after infection with C. botulinum

Wound

-causes gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis)

C. perfringens

Type of toxin that destroys muscle tissue and causes hemolysis -enterotoxin produced by C. perfringens which causes common food poisoning -DOUBLE ZONE OF HEMOLYSIS around colonies on blood agar is a characteristic

Alpha toxin

inhibition of anti-perfringens antitoxin of the precipitate around growth on egg yolk agar

Nagler's test

-cause pseudomembranous colitis in patients -produces 2 toxins (A and B)

C. difficile

-normal GI flora -pale gram negative rods with irregular staining, not dinstinctive -grow in 20% bile and hydrolyzes esculin -penicillin (R) -no butyric acid produced

Bacteroided fragilis

-glucose not fermented -black pigment on laked blood agar -pale, irregular stain, coccobacillary -fluoresces BRICK RED under UV light at 366 nm

Bacteroides melaninogenicus (B. assacharolyticus)

Pitting of agar

Bacteroides ureolyticus

-thin gram negative rod with tapered ends, often in pairs end-to-end -inhibited by 20% bile -greening around colonies on blood agar after exposure to room air temperature for 15 minutes -produces a large amount of butyric acid from glucose fermentation

Fusobacterium nucleatum

-Gram positive nonsporulating anaerobic rods -catalase and indole (+) -produces propionic acid

Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes)

-Gram positive nonsporulating anaerobic rods -normal oral flora -also found in female genital tract -clusters into thin branching long filaments (resembling fungi) -neither acid-fast nor stained with fungus stains -catalase, indole, and gelatin (-) -litmus milk and glucose (+) -Ferments glucose without production of propionic acid -SUCCINIC ACID is a major product

Actinomyces

-grows in CO2 on subculture -colonies grow in BHI under 95% N and 5% CO2 in 2-7 days, 5 mm below surface -Heaped, rough, lobate colony resembling "MOLAR TOOTH"

Actinomyces

Clinical picture: "Lumpy jaw" -chronic suppurative and granulomatous disease -wooden or lumpy lesions -multiple draining sinuses

Human actinomycosis

-tiny cocci, colonies convex and transluscent -red fluorescence under UV light of 365 nm

Veilonella

-occurs singly or in small groups, larger than Peptostreptococcus -catalase (+)

Peptococcus

Packets

Sarcina

-lives in rodents, shed in urine -spirochete with hooked shaped ends -causative agent of leptospirosis and Weil disease (ictohemorrhagic leptospirosis)

Leptospira interrogans

-transmitted by Ixodes deer tick; natural reservoir is the mouse -causes Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Stage 1 Lyme disease

Erythema migrans

Transmitted by louse

Borrelia recurrentis

Causative agent of syphilis

Treponema pallidium

Present with painless chancre

Primary syphilis

Disseminated disease with maculopapular rash, condylomata lata

Secondary syphilis

Gummas, aortitis, neurosyphilis

Tertiary syphilis

-included in class mollicutes (cell wall free bacteria)

Mycoplasma

Causes primary atypical pneumonia and has been associated with joint and other infections

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cause post partum fever and has been found with other bacteria in uterine tube infections

Mycoplasma hominis

cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men and is associated with lung disease in premature infants of low birth weight

Ureaplasma urealyticum

closely related to M. pneumoniae and has been associated with urethral and other urogenital infections

Mycoplasma genitalium

-highly pleomorphic because they lack a rigid cell wall and instead are bounded by a triple-layered until membrane that contains a sterol -use glucose as a source of energy; ureaplasma require urea

Mycoplasma

-require addition of serum or cholesterol to the medium to produce sterol for grown

Mycoplasma

"fried egg" colonies

M. hominis

Stain of isolated colony in agar for mycoplasma

Dienes stain

-obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria that lack mechanisms for the production of metabolic energy and cannot synthesize ATP -cell wall lacks peptidoglycan -do not gram stain well

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

Infectious form of chlamydia; enters cell via endocytosis

Elementary bodies (EB)

Reproductive form of chlamydia replicated in cells by binary fission

Reticulate bodies

-Trachoma, STDs, infant pneumonia, LGV - often co-infects with N. gonorrhoeae

C. trachomatis

Parrot fever

C. psittaci

-Staining not done routinely -gram negative or varibale -Giemsa stain: EBs are purple; host cell cytoplasm and RBs stain blue -Dilute Lugol's iodine - appears brown

Chlamydia

Molecular method for the diagnosis of chlamydia

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

-small, non motile coccobacilli -obligate intracellular in man and animals

Rickettsiae

-cause of Trench fever, can be cultivated in cell-free medium -others grow in yolk sacs of eggs

Rochalimea quintana

Agglutinating antibodies produced react against antigens of certain Proteus strains

Weil-Felix reaction

-Cats harbor fleas -Cat scratch fever -bacillary angiomatosis -endocarditis

Bartonella henselae

-gram negative -nonmotile -rod to coccoid shaped -obligate parasite (intracellular existence) -causes undulant fever (brucellosis or Malta fever) in man and contagious abortion in goats

Brucella

Culture medium for Brucella

Biphasic Castaneda Bottles (up to 3-4 weeks)

Specimen of choice for Brucella

Bone marrow

Brucella spp that is not detected by serum agglutination test

B. canis

-reservoir:Ticks, deer flies, rabbits -cause rabbit fever

Franciscella tularensis

Special medium for F. tularensis

Blood-Cysteine-Glucose Agar with Thymine

Tularemia skin test:

Forshay's test

-lives in mouth of cats and dogs -nonmotile, oxidase (+) -fermentative -facultative anaerobic -gram negative bacillus -encapsulated -small, gram negative rod with bipolar staining

Pasteurella

-causes Tick-borne illness (Lone Star tick) -white tail deer: principal reservoir -obligate intracellular bacteria -"berry-like" inclusions in monocytes (morulae)

Ehrlichiosis

-causes anaplasmosis -Morula seen in granulocytes (not monocytes) - Tick vector: Ixodes scapularis

Anaplasma

-fastidious gram negative very pleomorphic, filamentous bacillus -normally found in the oropharynx of rodents -causes rat bite fever (Haverhill fever/ streptobacillary RBF)

Streptobacillus moniliformis

-Causes Sodoku, a form of rat bite fever (spillary RBF) - puff ball/ cotton ball/ bread crumbs appearance in the bottom of the liquid media (strings of pearls in thio) -fried egg appearance after 5 days of growth

Spirillum minus

Bacteriology part 2 Flashcards

(134 cards)