Immunology & Serology Flashcards
NPW for serum antitoxin/ therapy
Emil von Behring (1901)
NPW for cellular immunity in tuberculosis
Robert Koch (1905)
NPW for Phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff (1908)
NPW for immunity and side chain theory
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
NPW for anaphylaxis
Richet and Portier (1913)
NPW for complement
Jules Bordet (1919)
NPW for human blood group antigens
“ABO”
SSR (specificity of serologic reaction)
Karl Landsteiner (1930)
NPW for immunologic tolerance
Burnet and Medawar (1960)
NPW for structure of antibodies
Edelman and Porter (1972)
*Edelman: analytic ultracentrifuge, 7s
*Porter: papain, IgG
NPW for radioimmunoassay
Rosalyn Yalow (1977)
NPW for Major Histocompatibility complex
Benaceraf, Dausset, and Snell (1980)
NPW for Immunoregulation
Niels Jerne (1984)
NPW for Monoclonal antibody
Using hybridoma technique
Koehler and Milstein (1984)
NPW for Antibody diversity.
In 1978, he discovered the genetic principle underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.
Susumu Tonegawa (1987)
NPW for transplantation
Thomas and Murray (1991)
NPW for cytotoxic T cell recognition of virally infected cells
Doherty and Zinkernagel (1996)
NPW for HIV
Francoise Baree-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier (2008)
NPW for antibody structure using pepsin
Alfred Nisonoff
Method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab.
Variolation
Cowpox virus
Vaccinia
Smallpox virus
Variola major
Alastrim
Variola minor
AKA Typhoid Mary. A cook and a carrier of Salmonella Typhi
Mary Mallon
Christopher Columbus.
Old World to New World
Smallpox
Christopher Columbus:
New world to old world
Syphilis
Demonstrated that protection from cowpox can be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion preventing formation of smallpox lesion. Vaccination
Edward Jenner (1798)
Father of Immunology
Edward Jenner
Father of Modern Microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Discovered therapeutic vaccination. Uses live “attenuated” vaccines for cholera, anthrax, rabies (CAR)
Louis Pasteur (1885)
Discovered that certain blood cells could ingest foreign material, now classified as phagocytes
Elie Metchnikoff (1888)
Discovered precipitins
Robert Kaus (1897)
Year of the discovery of T cell receptor genes
1984
1st recorded blood transfusion
Pope Innocent VII (1492)
Use of sodium phosphate / phosphate soda as blood preservative
Braxton Hicks (1869)
Use of sodium citrate as blood preservative (1% concentration)
Albert Hustin (1914)
Determined the minimum concentration of Citrate as anticoagulant (0.2%)
Richard Lewisohn (1915)
Acid Citrate Dextrose as preservative
*21 days
Loutit and Mollison (1943)
Citrate phosphate dextrose as blood preservative
Gibson (1957)
Carried vein-to-vein transfusion
Edward Lindemann
Discovered ABO blood group
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
Director of American Red Cross Blood Bank
Father of Modern Blood banking
Dr. Charles Drew (1941)
Invented Gel technology (standardization)
Yves Lapierre (1985)
AKA innate, inborn, non-adaptive immune system
Natural Immune System
Natural immune system has a __ immune response
Non specific
No memory cells formed
Natural immune system
Cleaves cell wall of certain bacteria (G+)
Lysozyme
Digest bacterial surface protein
Pepsin
Binds iron which is essential for bacterial growth
Lactoferrin
Acidity of the stomach
pH 1
pH of the skin
5.5 to 5.6
pH of the vagina
pH 5
Attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells by secreting perforins and granzymes.
NK cells
Inhibitory receptors of NK cells
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)
CDs expressed by NK cells
CD 16 and CD 56
NK cells are also called ___ when exposed to IL-2 and IFN-y
Lymphokine Activated Killer Cells/ LAKs
Engulfment and destruction of microorganisms or damaged cells
Phagocytosis
Stages of phagocytosis
- Initiation
- Chemotaxis
- Engulfment
- Digestion
Chemotaxis is a process by which cells tend to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of a chemical substance known as ___
Chemotaxin
3 classic examples of chemotaxins
Antibodies, CRP, C5a
Test for chemotaxis
Boyden Chamber
Migration toward the site
Positive chemotaxis
Migration away from the site
Negative chemotaxis
Adhesion-Receptors of the innate immune system recognized by PPR through ___
PAMPS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
Toll from drosophilia fly or fruit fly
Toll like receptor
TLR1
For mycobacteria
TLR2
For targeting the teichoic acid
TLR4
For targeting LPS
Speeds up phagocytosis
Opsonins
Respiratory burst – NADPH oxidase enzyme activity leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species
Oxygen-dependent pathway
Leads to the production of hypochlorite
Myeloperoxidase system
Cleave cell membrane
Defensins
Proteases that cleaves proteins in the cell
Cathepsin G
Produced by activated macrophage
Nitric oxide
Body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
Redness or erythema
Rubor
Heat
Calor
Pain
Dolor
Swelling or edema
Tumor
Loss of function
Function Laesa
Originally thought to be an antibody to the C-polysaccharide of the pneumococci.
-Best indicator or most widely used indicator of acute inflammation
C-Reactive Protein
Half-life of C-Reactive Protein
19 hours
Associated with HDL cholesterol;
-activates monocytes and macrophages
-found to be increased significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections
Serum Amyloid A
Polypeptide products of activated cells that control or regulate various cellular responses thereby regulated immune response
Cytokines
A group of cytokines discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with viral replication, virus nonspecific but host specific
Interferons
Other name of TNF-a
Cachectin
Other name of TNF-b
Lymphotoxin
Cytokines that stimulate transendothelial leukocyte movement from the blood to the tissue and regulate the migration of PMNs and mononuclear leukocytes within tissues
Chemokines
AKA acquired, specific immune system
Adaptive Immune System
Anamnestic immune response, formation of memory cells
Adaptive Immune System
They modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating growth, mobility, and differentiation of lymphoid cells. Interact with leukocytes but do not bind to the antigen
Interleukins
Cytokine secreted by monocytes, macrophage, dendritic cells
-inflammation, fever, acute phase response
IL-1
Cytokine secreted by T cells
-growth and proliferation of T and B cells
IL-2
Cytokine secreted by activated T cells
-hematopoiesis
IL-3
Cytokine produced by Th2 , mast cells
-AKA B cell growth factor I
-promotion of Th2 differentiation
-stimulation of B cells to switch to IgE production (isotype switching)
IL-4
Cytokine produced by Th2
-AKA B cell growth factor II
-eosinophil generation and activation
-T cell and B cell growth and differentiation
IL-5
Secreted by monocyte, macrophage
-initiation of acute phase response
IL-6
Cytokine secreted by stromal cells
-stimulates proliferation of lymphoid progenitors
IL-7
Cytokine secreted by macrophage and endothelial cells
-potent stimulator of neutrophils
-activates respiratory burst and release specific and azurophilic granule contents
IL-8
Cytokine secreted by Th cells
-proliferation of T cells, thymocytes, and mast cells
IL-9
Cytokine secreted by Th2, macrophage
-suppression of Th2 cells, inhibition of antigen presentation, inhibition of interferon-gamma
IL-10
Cytokine secreted by T cells, macrophages, other cells
-inhibition of both T and B cell proliferation
-induction of IgA
-inhibition of macrophages
TGF-B
Proinflammatory cytokines
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-15
IL-18
TNF-a
IFN-y
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-10
TGF-B
IL-35
Traps antigen entering from subcutaneous
Lymph nodes
Traps antigen entering from blood (blood borne pathogens)
Spleen
Pan marker
CD 19
Ion channel
CD 20
C3D receptor, EBV receptor
CD 21
Activated cell marker, IL-2 receptor
CD 25
Isotype switching, memory cell formation
CD 40
Classical marker
CD 2
Complexed with T cell receptor
CD 3
MHC II receptor, HIV receptor
CD 4
MHC I receptor, cytotoxic T cell
CD 8
Mitogens in B cells
LPS, SPA, Pokeweed mitogen
Mitogens in T cells
Pokeweed mitogen, PHA, concanavalin A
Gold standard in laboratory identification of Adaptive immune response.
- An automated system for identifying cells based on scattering of light as cells flow in single file through a laser beam
Flow cytometry
Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface Ag
Fluorescence microscopy
Use of sheep RBCs to detect T cells by binding to the CD2 marker
(+) if there are at least 3 sRBCs that attaches to a T cell
Rosette test
