Immunology & Serology Flashcards
(301 cards)
1
Q
NPW for serum antitoxin/ therapy
A
Emil von Behring (1901)
2
Q
NPW for cellular immunity in tuberculosis
A
Robert Koch (1905)
3
Q
NPW for Phagocytosis
A
Elie Metchnikoff (1908)
4
Q
NPW for immunity and side chain theory
A
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
5
Q
NPW for anaphylaxis
A
Richet and Portier (1913)
6
Q
NPW for complement
A
Jules Bordet (1919)
7
Q
NPW for human blood group antigens
“ABO”
SSR (specificity of serologic reaction)
A
Karl Landsteiner (1930)
8
Q
NPW for immunologic tolerance
A
Burnet and Medawar (1960)
9
Q
NPW for structure of antibodies
A
Edelman and Porter (1972)
*Edelman: analytic ultracentrifuge, 7s
*Porter: papain, IgG
10
Q
NPW for radioimmunoassay
A
Rosalyn Yalow (1977)
11
Q
NPW for Major Histocompatibility complex
A
Benaceraf, Dausset, and Snell (1980)
12
Q
NPW for Immunoregulation
A
Niels Jerne (1984)
13
Q
NPW for Monoclonal antibody
Using hybridoma technique
A
Koehler and Milstein (1984)
14
Q
NPW for Antibody diversity.
In 1978, he discovered the genetic principle underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.
A
Susumu Tonegawa (1987)
15
Q
NPW for transplantation
A
Thomas and Murray (1991)
16
Q
NPW for cytotoxic T cell recognition of virally infected cells
A
Doherty and Zinkernagel (1996)
17
Q
NPW for HIV
A
Francoise Baree-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier (2008)
18
Q
NPW for antibody structure using pepsin
A
Alfred Nisonoff
19
Q
Method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab.
A
Variolation
20
Q
Cowpox virus
A
Vaccinia
21
Q
Smallpox virus
A
Variola major
22
Q
Alastrim
A
Variola minor
23
Q
AKA Typhoid Mary. A cook and a carrier of Salmonella Typhi
A
Mary Mallon
24
Q
Christopher Columbus.
Old World to New World
A
Smallpox
25
Christopher Columbus:
New world to old world
Syphilis
26
Demonstrated that protection from cowpox can be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion preventing formation of smallpox lesion. Vaccination
Edward Jenner (1798)
27
Father of Immunology
Edward Jenner
28
Father of Modern Microbiology
Louis Pasteur
29
Discovered therapeutic vaccination. Uses live “attenuated” vaccines for cholera, anthrax, rabies (CAR)
Louis Pasteur (1885)
30
Discovered that certain blood cells could ingest foreign material, now classified as phagocytes
Elie Metchnikoff (1888)
31
Discovered precipitins
Robert Kaus (1897)
32
Year of the discovery of T cell receptor genes
1984
33
1st recorded blood transfusion
Pope Innocent VII (1492)
34
Use of sodium phosphate / phosphate soda as blood preservative
Braxton Hicks (1869)
35
Use of sodium citrate as blood preservative (1% concentration)
Albert Hustin (1914)
36
Determined the minimum concentration of Citrate as anticoagulant (0.2%)
Richard Lewisohn (1915)
37
Acid Citrate Dextrose as preservative
*21 days
Loutit and Mollison (1943)
38
Citrate phosphate dextrose as blood preservative
Gibson (1957)
39
Carried vein-to-vein transfusion
Edward Lindemann
40
Discovered ABO blood group
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
41
Director of American Red Cross Blood Bank
Father of Modern Blood banking
Dr. Charles Drew (1941)
42
Invented Gel technology (standardization)
Yves Lapierre (1985)
43
AKA innate, inborn, non-adaptive immune system
Natural Immune System
44
Natural immune system has a __ immune response
Non specific
45
No memory cells formed
Natural immune system
46
Cleaves cell wall of certain bacteria (G+)
Lysozyme
47
Digest bacterial surface protein
Pepsin
48
Binds iron which is essential for bacterial growth
Lactoferrin
49
Acidity of the stomach
pH 1
50
pH of the skin
5.5 to 5.6
51
pH of the vagina
pH 5
52
Attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells by secreting perforins and granzymes.
NK cells
53
Inhibitory receptors of NK cells
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)
54
CDs expressed by NK cells
CD 16 and CD 56
55
NK cells are also called ___ when exposed to IL-2 and IFN-y
Lymphokine Activated Killer Cells/ LAKs
56
Engulfment and destruction of microorganisms or damaged cells
Phagocytosis
57
Stages of phagocytosis
1. Initiation
2. Chemotaxis
3. Engulfment
4. Digestion
58
Chemotaxis is a process by which cells tend to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of a chemical substance known as ___
Chemotaxin
59
3 classic examples of chemotaxins
Antibodies, CRP, C5a
60
Test for chemotaxis
Boyden Chamber
61
Migration toward the site
Positive chemotaxis
62
Migration away from the site
Negative chemotaxis
63
Adhesion-Receptors of the innate immune system recognized by PPR through ___
PAMPS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
64
Toll from drosophilia fly or fruit fly
Toll like receptor
65
TLR1
For mycobacteria
66
TLR2
For targeting the teichoic acid
67
TLR4
For targeting LPS
68
Speeds up phagocytosis
Opsonins
69
Respiratory burst – NADPH oxidase enzyme activity leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species
Oxygen-dependent pathway
70
Leads to the production of hypochlorite
Myeloperoxidase system
71
Cleave cell membrane
Defensins
72
Proteases that cleaves proteins in the cell
Cathepsin G
73
Produced by activated macrophage
Nitric oxide
74
Body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
75
Redness or erythema
Rubor
76
Heat
Calor
77
Pain
Dolor
78
Swelling or edema
Tumor
79
Loss of function
Function Laesa
80
Originally thought to be an antibody to the C-polysaccharide of the pneumococci.
-Best indicator or most widely used indicator of acute inflammation
C-Reactive Protein
81
Half-life of C-Reactive Protein
19 hours
82
Associated with HDL cholesterol;
-activates monocytes and macrophages
-found to be increased significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections
Serum Amyloid A
83
Polypeptide products of activated cells that control or regulate various cellular responses thereby regulated immune response
Cytokines
84
A group of cytokines discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with viral replication, virus nonspecific but host specific
Interferons
85
Other name of TNF-a
Cachectin
86
Other name of TNF-b
Lymphotoxin
87
Cytokines that stimulate transendothelial leukocyte movement from the blood to the tissue and regulate the migration of PMNs and mononuclear leukocytes within tissues
Chemokines
88
AKA acquired, specific immune system
Adaptive Immune System
89
Anamnestic immune response, formation of memory cells
Adaptive Immune System
90
They modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating growth, mobility, and differentiation of lymphoid cells. Interact with leukocytes but do not bind to the antigen
Interleukins
91
Cytokine secreted by monocytes, macrophage, dendritic cells
-inflammation, fever, acute phase response
IL-1
92
Cytokine secreted by T cells
-growth and proliferation of T and B cells
IL-2
93
Cytokine secreted by activated T cells
-hematopoiesis
IL-3
94
95
Cytokine produced by Th2 , mast cells
-AKA B cell growth factor I
-promotion of Th2 differentiation
-stimulation of B cells to switch to IgE production (isotype switching)
IL-4
96
Cytokine produced by Th2
-AKA B cell growth factor II
-eosinophil generation and activation
-T cell and B cell growth and differentiation
IL-5
97
Secreted by monocyte, macrophage
-initiation of acute phase response
IL-6
98
Cytokine secreted by stromal cells
-stimulates proliferation of lymphoid progenitors
IL-7
99
Cytokine secreted by macrophage and endothelial cells
-potent stimulator of neutrophils
-activates respiratory burst and release specific and azurophilic granule contents
IL-8
100
Cytokine secreted by Th cells
-proliferation of T cells, thymocytes, and mast cells
IL-9
101
Cytokine secreted by Th2, macrophage
-suppression of Th2 cells, inhibition of antigen presentation, inhibition of interferon-gamma
IL-10
102
Cytokine secreted by T cells, macrophages, other cells
-inhibition of both T and B cell proliferation
-induction of IgA
-inhibition of macrophages
TGF-B
103
Proinflammatory cytokines
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-15
IL-18
TNF-a
IFN-y
104
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-10
TGF-B
IL-35
105
Traps antigen entering from subcutaneous
Lymph nodes
106
Traps antigen entering from blood (blood borne pathogens)
Spleen
107
Pan marker
CD 19
108
Ion channel
CD 20
109
C3D receptor, EBV receptor
CD 21
110
Activated cell marker, IL-2 receptor
CD 25
111
Isotype switching, memory cell formation
CD 40
112
Classical marker
CD 2
113
Complexed with T cell receptor
CD 3
114
MHC II receptor, HIV receptor
CD 4
115
MHC I receptor, cytotoxic T cell
CD 8
116
Mitogens in B cells
LPS, SPA, Pokeweed mitogen
117
Mitogens in T cells
Pokeweed mitogen, PHA, concanavalin A
118
Gold standard in laboratory identification of Adaptive immune response.
- An automated system for identifying cells based on scattering of light as cells flow in single file through a laser beam
Flow cytometry
119
Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface Ag
Fluorescence microscopy
120
Use of sheep RBCs to detect T cells by binding to the CD2 marker
(+) if there are at least 3 sRBCs that attaches to a T cell
Rosette test
121
Lymphocyte separation
-has a SG of 1.077 – 1.114
-Sample: defibrinated or heparinized/ACD
Ficoll Hypaque
122
Layers of Ficoll Hypaque from top to bottom
Plasma > Mononuclear cells > granulocytes and RBCs
123
Normal CD4 : CD8 ratio
2:1
124
Normal CD4 count is:
500 to 1200/uL
125
Ratio during HIV
0.5:1 or 1: 2
126
CD4 during AIDS
< 200/uL
127
Destroy virally infected cells, tumor cells, and allografts through secretion of perforin and granzymes. Also activate macrophage through secretion of cytokines (IFN-y)
CD8
Tc (20-25%)
128
Activate macrophage, enhance cytotoxic T cell response by secretion of cytokines (IL-2) , activate B cells into plasma cells
CD 4
Th (50-60%)
129
Limit immune response
CD8 (Ts)
CD3, 4, 25 (Treg)
130
Circulating immunosurveillance and anamnestic response
CD 4 & CD8 ™
131
CD markers in Pro B-cell
CD 19 and CD45R
132
CD markers in Naïve or immature B cell
CD 19, 20 , 21, 35
133
CD markers in activated B cells
CD 25
134
Virally infected cell is recognized by ___ through ___
T cytotoxic CD8 +; MHC Class I
135
Tc is activated by __ produced by Th cell
IL-2
136
Activated Tc kills virally infected cell by secreting: (2)
Perforins
Granzymes
137
APC presents antigenic fragments through ___ to ____
MHC II; T helper CD4 + cell
138
Stimulates activated Th cell to become Th1
IL-12
139
Stimulates activated Th cell to Th2
IL-4
140
Th1 cells produce __ which activates phagocytes to kill ingested microbes.
IFN-y
141
Th2 cells produce IL-4 which stimulates the production of ___ (isotype switching)
IgE and IgG4
142
Th2 cell produce __ which activates eosinophil
IL-5
143
AKA Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in human
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
144
Genes coding for MHC are found ____
Chromosome 6 short arm
145
HLA association of Myasthenia gravis, Addison’s disease, Grave’s disease
HLA B8
146
HLA association of ankylosing spondylitis / bamboo spine disease
HLA B27
147
HLA association of Celiac disease, DM I
HLA DQ2
148
HLA association of DMI, Celiac disease
HLA DQ8
149
HLA association of SLE, DM I, Grave’s disease
HLA DR3
150
HLA association of RA, DM I
HLA DR4
151
HLA class found in all nucleated cells
Class I
152
HLA class I presents antigens that attack the inside of a cell (endogenous cytosolic pathway) to ___ triggering cytotoxic response
CD8+ T cell
153
HLA Class I is important against ___
Viral infection, tumor and graft rejection
154
HLA Class found in APCs and composed of A chains and B chain
Class II
155
HLA Class II present antigens found outside the cell (exogenous/ endocytic pathway) to ___ cells triggering antibody production
CD4+
156
HLA Class where C2, C4, Factor B, TNF are found
Class III
157
In vitro test that mimics the in vivo condition of transplantation
Mixed lymphocyte reaction
158
AKA Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC)
Complement Mediated Microlymphocytotoxicity (Antigen-Level Typing/Phenotyping)
159
In CDC, the accepted sample is
ACD or heparinized blood (1-2 ml)
160
Dye used to visualize the cells in CDC
Eosin Red and Trypan Blue
161
Positive result in CDC
Flattened, large, dark, non refractile
162
Substances that react with antibodies sensitized T cells but may not evoke immune response
Antigens
163
Substances that provoke an immune response
Immunogen
164
Antigen but non-immunogenic. AKA incomplete antigen.
Hapten
165
Immunogenic, carrier molecule. When coupled to a hapten will confer new antigenic specificities
Schlepper Molecule
166
Antigenic determinant or antigen binding site
Epitope
167
The greater the difference between the substance and the host, the more potent it is as an antigen
Foreignness
168
Size of a strong immunogen
>6kD
169
At least ___ daltons is needed to be immunogenic
10,000
170
Have the highest molecular weight and are the best immunogens
Protein
171
Substances that can be mixed with antigens to enhance and accelerate immune response by protecting immunogen from degradation allowing longer response
Adjuvants
172
Enhances phagocytosis by increasing the size and prevents rapid escape from the tissue
Alum precipitate
173
AKA MSDA, derived from shark’s oil. Used for HIV vaccines that are being developed.
Squalene
174
Water in oil emulsion of killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Bordetella pertussis
Freund’s complete adjuvant
175
Antigen from the host
Autoantigen
176
Antigen from other individuals but the same genome. Identical twins
Syngeneic antigens
177
Antigen from other individuals but within the same species.
-Other name: homologous/allogeneic antigen/ isoantigen
Alloantigen
178
Antigen from different species
-Other name: xenogeneic/heterologous / heterogeneic antigens
Heteroantigens
179
Antigen that exists in unrelated plants or animals nut either identical or closely related, so that antibody to one will cross react with antibody to the other.
-Ex: Weil-Felix
Heterophile antigens
180
Autologous antigen that does not come in contact with antibody producing cells
Eg. Lens of eye, spermatozoa
Sequestered antigen
181
Antigen unique to a specific organ.
Eg. MBP in nerves, PSA
Tissue Specific Antigen
182
Transfer of tissue within the same individual
Autograft
183
Transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically identical individual
Isograft/ Syngraft
184
Transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically non-identical member of the same species
Allograft
185
Transfer of cells or tissues to a member of a different species
E.g. transplant of a pig valve
Heterograft or Xenograft
186
Specific glycoproteins produced in response to an antigen stimulation referred to as immoglobulins
Antibody
187
Theory of antibody diversity wherein cells have surface receptors that were present before contact with antigen. Antigen selects the cell with receptors specific for it then would break off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules. New receptors would form on the surface of the cell
Ehrlich’s Side Chain Theory
188
Theory of antibody diversity wherein lymphocytes are genetically preprogrammed to produce one type of antibody, and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing it to proliferate.
Clonal selection
189
Determines the Ig class. Either alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, or mu. Encoded by chromosome 14
Heavy chain
190
Either kappa or lambda but can never be present both in a single antibody
-Kappa encoded by chromosome 2, lambda encoded by chromosome 22
Light Chain
191
Links H-H chain and H-L chain but not L-L chain.
Disulfide bonds
192
L-L chain is only found on ___
Bence Jones Protein
193
Provide flexibility of the antibody due to the presence of amino acid ___
Proline
194
Contains the Fab region (antigen binding site) / Paratope where the antigen binds
Variable region
195
Determines the specificity of the antibody
Hypervariable region
196
Contains the Fc region or fragment crystallizable
Constant region
197
Composed of 1 variable and 1 constant domain
Light chain
198
Composed of 1 variable and either 3 or 4 constant domain depending on class
Heavy chain
199
Used by Rodney Porter to describe Ab structure
-Yields 2 Fab portion and 1 Fc portion
Papain
200
Used by Alfred and Nisonoff
-Yield 1 F(ab’)2 and 1 Fc’ portion
Pepsin
201
AKA incomplete immunoglobulin
IgG
202
Most abundant immunoglobulin in serum
-Longest half-life.
-Main antibody for secondary immune response
IgG
203
Best IgG crossing placenta
IgG1
204
Short hinge, cannot cross placenta
IgG2
205
Largest number of disulfide bonds. Most efficient IgG in complement fixation
IgG3
206
IgG type that cannot fix complement
IgG4
207
Provide immunity in newborn, fix complement, enhance phagocytosis, and neutralized toxins and viruses through (ADCC)
-Precipitates in agglutination but best in precipitation
-Respond best against protein antigens
IgG
208
AKA macroglobulin/ complete immunoglobulin
-main antibody in primary / early immune response and usually indicates acute infection
-Effective in agglutination and cytolytic reaction
-Most primitive and last to leave in senescence
-most often formed in response to gram-negative, endotoxin neutralization
-best respond to carbohydrate antigens
-complement fixation, opsonization, toxic neutralization and agglutination
IgM
209
-monomer on serum, dimer on secretions
-predominant antibody in secretions
-protect surface mucosa, by inhibiting of microorganism
-binds to a secretory component produced by epithelial cells which prevents enzymatic degradation
IgA
210
-present in the mature B cell surface
-plays as role in B cell maturation, differentitation and immunoregulation
IgD
211
-AKA Reagin
-Binds to mast cells and triggers immediate hypersensitivity, allergic, and anaphylactic response
-also plays a role in defense mechanisms to parasites
-heat labile antibody
IgE
212
Determines the immunoglobulin class
Heavy chain
213
Variation of allotype is seen in ___
Constant region
214
Difference of idiotype is seen in __
Variable region
215
Purified antibodies which are capable of reacting to a specific antigen and are derived from a single parent antibody-producing cell
Monoclonal antibody
216
Fused B cells and myeloma cells capable of secreting antibodies indefinitely
Hybridoma
217
Cancerous plasma cell
Myeloma cell
218
Surfactant and fusing agent
PEG
219
Used for DNA production
Thymidine and Hypoxanthine
220
Blocks production of new nucleotides
Aminopterin
221
Use of monoclonal antibodies
For diagnosis and treatment of diseases
222
Series of more than 30 proteins that play a role in amplifying inflammatory response to destroy and clear foreign antigens
-cascade phenomenon were the product of one reaction is the enzymatic catalyst of the next
Complement system
223
The classical pathway is triggered by ___
Immune complex
224
Immunoglobulins triggering the classical pathway
IgM > IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG2
225
In C1- trimolecular composed of C1q, r, s stabilized by ___
Calcium
226
In Classical pathway, IgG binds to ___ region
CH2
227
In classical pathway, IgM binds to ___ region
CH4
228
Cleaves C1s
C1r
229
Cleaves C4 and C2
C1s
230
AKA Properdin pathway
Alternative pathway
231
Alternative pathway is triggered by ___
IgA aggregates, bacterial cell wall (LPS), fungal cell walls (zymosan), virus, parasite and cobra venom
232
Stabilizes C3 convertase
Properdin
233
Latest and newest discovered pathway but classified as the most ancient pathway
MBL pathway
234
Where all of the pathways converge; most pivotal/ important
C3
235
Dissociates C1r and C1s from C1q. Inactivates MASP-2
C1 inhibitor
236
Cleaves C3b and C4b
Factor I
237
Cofactor with factor I to inactivate C4b, binds C3b and prevents binding of Factor B
Factor H
238
Acts as cofactor to factor I to inactivate C4b
C4 binding protein
239
Prevents attachment of the C5b67 complex to call membranes
S protein (vitronectin)
240
AKA Membrane Inhibitor of Reactive Lysis, Blocks assembly of MAC by binding C8 and C9
CD59/ MIRL
241
AKA Homologous Restriction Factor. Binds to C8 therefore prevents formation of MAC
HRF
242
AKA Decay Accelerating Factor. Prevents assembly of C3 convertase by dissociating C2a and Bb in the membrane
CD55/ DAF
243
Deficiency of complement. Lupus-like syndrome
C1 (q, r, s)
244
Lupus-like syndrome, recurrent infection, atherosclerosis (deficiency of complement)
C2 (most common)
245
Severe recurrent infection, glomerulonephritis (deficiency of complement)
C3 (most severe)
246
Lupus-like syndrome (deficiency of complement)
C4
247
Recurrent infection with Neisseria sp (deficiency of complement)
C5, 6, 7, 8
Properdin
248
No known disease association
C9
249
Recurrent pyogenic infection
Factor H and I
250
Pneumococcal infection, sepsis, and Neisseria infection
MBL
251
Pneumococcal infections
MASP-2
252
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
DAF, MIRL/CD 59, HRF
253
Hereditary Angioneurotic edema (HANE), edema is due to accumulation of C2b
C1 INH
254
Uses agarose gel with incorporated specific antibodies then measures the radius of the circle that will be formed. Requires 24 hours before the result is available
Radial immunodiffusion (RID)
255
Measures concentration according to the amount of light scattered by a solution containing a reagent antibody and measured patient sample
Nephelometry
256
Measures the amount of patient serum required to lyse 50% of a standardized concentration of antibody sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
Hemolytic Titration (CH50) Assay
257
Based on the lysis of liposomes that release an enzyme when lyzed. More accurate than traditional CH50 testing.
Liposome lysis
258
Sensitized rabbit RBCs are implanted in an agarose gel. Patient serum is then added in the punched wells. Clear zones indicate lysis and the diameter of the circle is related to the concentration
Radial hemolysis
259
Solid phase IgM is attached in a microtiter plate and is used to initiate complement activation.
ELISA
260
Performed in the same manner as CH50, however magnesium chloride and ethylene glycol (EGTA) is added to the buffer which chelates calcium. Rabbit RBCs is used as indicator
AH50 Assay
261
Test can detect C3bBbP or C3bP. Microtiter wells are coated with bacterial polysaccharide to trigger activation of alternative pathway
ELISA
262
Antigen associated with thyroid cancer
Thyroglobulin
263
Antigen associated with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Proteins
264
Antigen associated with lymphoma
Beta-2-microglobulin
265
Antigen associated with neuroendocrine tumors, melanoma, neuroblastoma
S-100
266
Antigen associated with sarcomata, hemotopoietic origin
Cytokeratins
267
Antigen associated with urinary bladder cancer
Bard’s BTA and Nuclear Matrix Protein (NMP-22)
268
Antigen associated with lung and breast cancer
CYFRA 21-1
269
Oncofetal antigen associated with colorectal, breast, and lung cancer
CEA
270
Oncofetal antigen associated with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, primary hepatoma
AFP
271
Carbohydrate antigen associated with ovarian adenocarcinoma
CA 125
272
Carbohydrate antigen associated with breast cancer, pancreatic, colorectal, lung, ovarian, liver cancer
CA 15-3
273
Tumor marker associated with pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9
274
Tumor marker associated with prostate cancer
PSA
275
Tumor marker associated with small cell cancers of the lung, endocrine tumors
Neuron-specific enolase
276
Tumor marker (enzyme) associated with lymphoma
Lactate dehydrogenase
277
Hormone associated with hydatidiform mole, chrociocarcinoma, germ cell trophoblastic cancer (nonseminomatous testicular cancer)
HCG
278
Hormone associated with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin
279
Hormone associated with parathyroid carcinoma
Parathyroid hormone
280
Cell markers for T cell leukemia
IL-2 receptor (CD25)
281
Cell marker for hematopoietic malignancies
CD45
282
Cell marker for lymphoma
CD20
283
Cell marker for breast adenocarcinoma
Her2/neu
284
To identify in asymptomatic individuals in a population detection of cancer at an early stage
Screening
285
To identify cancer in a particular patient. Help distinguish between diseases with clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
286
TO predict the clinical outcome of cancer patients and aid in therapeutic decision making. Used to identify the level and type of therapy that is best for a particular patient
Prognosis
287
To observe the response of a cancer patient to treatment, and to monitor effectiveness of treatment. Elevations can indicate tumor recurrence before other signs become evident
Monitoring
288
Immune response against self-antigen due to loss of self-tolerance. Ability to recognize self from nonself-antigen
Autoimmunity
289
All autoimmune diseases involve antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes). Associated most commonly with MHC Class ___
II
290
Autoantibodies associated with SLE
ANA
Anti-dsDNA, Anti-DNP
Anti-ENA, Anti-Sm
Antiphospholipid antibodies
291
Systemic and multi-organ. Immune complex is formed in the serum and deposits to organs
SLE
292
HLA associated with SLE
HLA DR2 and HLA DR3
293
Autoantibodies associated with Scleroderma
Anti-centromere Ab
ANA
294
Target are connective tissues leading CREST form:
C- calcinosis
R – Raynaud’s phenomenon
E – esophageal dysmotility
S – sclerodactyly
T – telangiectasias
Scleroderma
295
HLA associated with scleroderma
HLA DR3
296
Autoantibodies associated with Sjogren’s syndromes
Anti salivary duct Ab
Anti lacrimal gland Ab
Antinuclear Ab
RA factor
297
Mainly affects the exocrine glands (lacrimal and salivary glands)
Sjogren’s syndrome
298
HLA associated with Sjogren’s syndrome
HLA DR3
299
300
Chronic systemic inflammatory disorder in which joint cartilage, ligaments and tendons are destroyed
Rheumatoid arthritis
301
