HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONT Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Located below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus.
A
Thyroid Gland
2
Q
Consists of secretory parts called follicles filled with hormonestoring colloid (thyroglobulin)
A
Thyroid Gland
3
Q
Follicular cells produce two iodine-containing hormones,
A
thyroxine (T4 )/(tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine (T3)
4
Q
3 Types of Carriers protein of Thyroid hormones
A
TBG – thyroxine binding globulin
TBPA – thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin
TBA – thyroxine binding albumin
5
Q
(70-75%)
A
TBG – thyroxine binding globulin
6
Q
primary carrier protein of thyroid hormone
A
TBG – thyroxine binding globulin
7
Q
synthesized and produced by the liver
A
TBG – thyroxine binding globulin
8
Q
highest affinity to T3 and T4 = readily released
A
TBG – thyroxine binding globulin
9
Q
(10- 25%)
(10%)
A
thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin
thyroxine binding albumin
10
Q
Lowest affinity
A
TBPA – thyroxine binding prealbumin or TTR transthyretin
11
Q
In the tissues, T4 is converted to T3 (physiologically active product);conversion of T4 to T3
A
Diiodination
12
Q
takes place in liver and kidneys
A
Diiodination
13
Q
99.97% : bound; 0.03% : free
A
T4
14
Q
more abundant
A
T4
15
Q
T4 NV
A
0.24 ug/dL
16
Q
99.7% :bound
A
T3
17
Q
T3 NV
A
7 ug/dL
18
Q
0.3%: free
A
T3
19
Q
more potent
A
T3
20
Q
Biological Function of thyroid hormones
Calorigenic effects
Increase (?)
Stimulate synthesis of (?)
Increase (?) through the use of chemical energy for metabolic processes which is fueled mainly by (?)
A
basal metabolic rate
Na/K ATPase
body temperature; fatty acids
21
Q
: enhances use of chem energy for MP
A
Calorigenic effects
22
Q
Biological Function of thyroid hormones: Action of thyroid hormones
Stimulate (?)
Promote (?)
Increase (?)
Stimulate (?)
A
neural development
sexual maturation
adrenergic activity
protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
23
Q
adrenergic activity Aka
A
Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation
24
Q
1° Hypothyroidism
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
A
↓ ↓ ↓ ↑
25
2° Hypothyroidism
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
26
1° Hyperthyroidism
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
↑ ↑ ↑ ↓
27
2° Hyperthyroidism
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
28
1° Increased TBG
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
↑ ↑ N N
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1° Decreased TBG
TT4 TT3 FT4 TSH
↓ ↓ N N
30
: Problem in the actual synthesis of T3 and T4 (thyroid gland)
Primary
31
: Problem in the actual synthesis of TSH (AP gland/hypothalamus)
Secondary
32
Produced by the C-cells (parafollicular) of the thyroid
Calcitonin
33
Lowers plasma Ca+2 level
Calcitonin
34
Opposes the effects of parathyroid hormones w/c acts primarily to increase blood level of calcium
Calcitonin
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its production is stimulated by hypercalcemia
Calcitonin
36
promotes Ca+2 deposition in bones and urinary excretion of calcium
Calcitonin
37
Located at the posterior of the thyroid which consists of tightly packed secretory cells covered by thin connective tissue
Parathyroid Glands
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consists of tightly packed secretory cells covered by thin connective tissue
Parathyroid Glands
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Release is stimulated by hypocalcemia and increased plasma calcium levels
Parathyroid Hormone
40
responds to decrease in free calcium concentration within seconds.
Parathyroid Hormone
41
It stimulate bone resorption of osteoclasts and promotes tubular reabsorption of Ca+2 and intestinal absorption of calcium
Parathyroid Hormone
42
During a time of calcium deprivation, the increase in PTH rapidly alters both renal and skeletal metabolism
Parathyroid Hormone
43
2-3 cm wide, 4-6 cm long and 1 cm thick and situated on top of the kidneys enclosed in a layer of fat
Adrenal Glands
44
because each glands sits atop of the kidney, the adrenal glands are also referred to as the suprarenal glands
Adrenal Glands
45
Pyramid-shaped glands
Adrenal Glands
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stores and secretes catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
47
Catecholamines:
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
48
Adrenal Cortex - further divided into three layers:
1. Zona glomerulosa (outermost)
2. Zona fasciculata (middle)
3. Zona reticularis (innermost)
49
Mineralocorticoid synthesis : (chief)
ALDOSTERONE
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Glucocorticoid synthesis :
CORTISOL
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Glucocorticoid and minimal Gonadal steroids :
ANDROGEN, ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE
52
Adrenal steroid hormones:
Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Sex steroids
53
The cells of the adrenal cortex produce over [?] different steroids
30
54
Release is stimulated by a decrease in serum SODIUM levels
Aldosterone
55
Promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
Aldosterone
56
Promotes excretion of potassium and hydrogen
Aldosterone
57
Production is controlled by RAA (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) system
Aldosterone
58
Dehydration = [?] = [?]
decreased blood volume = hypotension
59
Kidneys : produce
RENIN
60
Increased angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the presence of [?]
ACE
61
potent vasoconstrictor
Angiotensin II
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stimulate adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Angiotensin II
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1. potent vasoconstrictor =
Increases blood pressure
64
2. stimulate adrenal cortex to release aldosterone =
increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption
65
A glucocorticoid, influences the metabolism of glucose, CHON, & fat
Cortisol
66
Has Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
Cortisol
67
Produced in chromaffin cells
Catecholamines
68
Epinephrine,norepinephrine and dopamine
Catecholamines
69
– metabolite of dopamine
Homovanillic acid (HVA)
70
– epinephrine metabolite
Metanephrines and Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
71
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
72
- Release is regulated by nerve impulses from the CNS
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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- Effects resemble those of the sympathetic division neurotransmitters
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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- Used in times of stress and for "fight or flight."
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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- [?] promotes glycogenolysis
Adrenalin
76
Listen to music
DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)
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Try something new
DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)
78
Do something creative
DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)
79
Tick something off your list
DOPAMINE (The Reward Chemical)
80
Hug someone you love
OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)
81
Spend time with friends
OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)
82
Show affection
OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)
83
Do something nice for someone
OXYTOCIN (The Love Hormone)
84
Exercise
SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)
85
Bask in the sun
SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)
86
Practice meditation
SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)
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Eat a healthy meal
SEROTONIN (For Good Moods)
88
Take a hot bath
ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)
89
Create music or art
ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)
90
Try yoga
ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)
91
Laughter
ENDORPHINS (The Pain Reliever)
92
Secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocrine gland.
Pancreas
93
Posterior to the stomach
Pancreas
94
Endocrine cells : islets of Langerhans
1. alpha cells - glucagon
2. beta cells - insulin
3. delta cells - somatostatin
4. F cells – pancreatic polypeptide
95
1. alpha cells -
glucagon
96
2. beta cells -
insulin
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3. delta cells -
somatostatin
98
4. F cells –
pancreatic polypeptide
99
Release is stimulated by hypoglycemia
Glucagon
100
Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
101
Release is stimulated by hyperglycemia
Insulin
102
Decreases BGL by stimulating liver glycogenesis, increasing CHON synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store fat.
Insulin
103
coordinate to maintain a relatively stable blood glucose concentration.
Insulin and Blood Sugar glucagon
104
H. Other Endocrine Glands
1. Pineal Gland
2. Thymus Gland
3. Reproductive Glands
4. Digestive Organs
105
3. 7 Reproductive Glands
106
Secreted by the ovarian follicles, corpus luteum & during pregnancy, the placenta
Estrogen
107
Adrenals & testes - small quantities
Estrogen
108
Dev't & maintenance of the female sex organs & 2° female sex characteristics
Estrogen
109
With progesterone - the primary. secretory products of the ovaries
Estradiol
110
Secondary sexual characteristics
Estradiol
111
Most potent naturally occurring estrogen
Estradiol
112
Strongly bound to SHBG
Estradiol
113
2-3% unbound (biologically active)
Estradiol
114
Metabolite of estradiol
Estrone/Estrone sulfate
115
Circulate almost exclusively bound to albumin
Estrone/Estrone sulfate
116
Increased in obese, post-menopausal women
Estrone/Estrone sulfate
117
Estradiol Production Rate =
100 - 300 ug /dL
118
Estrone Production Rate =
100 - 200 ug /dL
119
Increased during fetal dev't
Estriol
120
Steady increase should occur in the 3rd trimester
Estriol
121
24-H urinary maternal estriol monitors integrity of feto-placental unit
Estriol
122
Decline or sudden change indicates a complication of the pregnancy
Estriol
123
Pregnant women: major source of estrogens is the placenta (?)
estriol
124
Non-pregnant women: major source are the ovaries (?)
estradiol
125
Secreted by the corpus luteum in response to stimulation by LH from the AP gland
Progesterone
126
Promotes storage of glycogen and continued growth of blood vessels in the endometrium
Progesterone
127
Secreted by interstitial cells (Leydig cells) when stimulated by LH
Testosterone
128
Promotes maturation of sperm
Testosterone
129
Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in male
Testosterone
130
Secreted by sustentacular cells of the testes
Inhibin
131
Decreases the secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary gland
Inhibin
132
: synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormones; same structure stimulated by TSH; each follicle is surrounded by a layer of follicular cell
Thyroid follicles
133
: cavity
Colloid
134
Low blood levels of T3 and T4 (stimulation) or low metabolic rate stimulates release of:
TRH (Hypothalamus) → TSH (APG)
135
: ingested and absorbed; trapped by follicular cell
Iodide
136
Iodide is trasported from blood plasma by
Sodium-Iodide Simporter (NIS)
137
(located at the basolateral of follicular cell)
Sodium-Iodide Simporter (NIS)
138
Synthesis of Thyroglobin
: synthesized
: packaged
: transported
RER
Golgi complex
Secretory vesicle
139
: trasports iodide from the follicular cell to the colloid
Pendrin
140
: responsible for the conversion of iodide to iodine
Thyroid peroxidase
141
Binding of iodine to TGB
Iodination of tyrosine
142
Iodination of tyrosine of Products:
monoiodotyrosine (MIT) & diiodotyrosine (DIT)
143
Formation of T3 and T4
Coupling of T1 and T2
144
Lysosome cuts TGB to produce individual T3s and T4s
Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
145
Secreted near the thyroid follicle
Calcitonin
146
From the same follicle but located at the periphery
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
147
Secretes calcitonin (C cells) by the thyroid gland
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
148
Isthmus: connected
Parathyroid Glands
149
Bean-shaped structure
Parathyroid Glands
150
Behind TG
Parathyroid Glands
151
: secretes calcitonin
Thyroid gland
152
: secretes PTH
Parathyroid gland
