TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
• Branch of science which deals with the study of the effect of drugs on biologic systems
A
PHARMACOLOGY
2
Q
biologic systems
A
o Routes of drug administration
o Pharmacokinetics
o Drug actions
o Drug interactions
3
Q
I. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
A
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Rectal
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Inhalation
- Topical
- Transdermal
4
Q
– below the tongue; in cases of cardiovascular diseases
A
- Sublingual
5
Q
– suppository: drug delivery system inserted in the rectum
A
- Rectal
6
Q
– IV fluid, anti-fungal, antibiotic
A
- Intravenous
7
Q
– insulin shots
A
- Subcutaneous
8
Q
– asthmatics
A
- Inhalation
9
Q
- Vicks
A
- Topical
10
Q
• Fate of an administered drug
A
PHARMACOKINETICS
11
Q
– movement of drugs into the bloodstream after administration
A
- Drug absorption
12
Q
- movement of drugs to and from the blood and other tissues or organs of the body
A
- Drug distribution
13
Q
- biotransformation mainly occurring in the liver
A
- Drug metabolism
14
Q
– metabolites of drugs move out of the body through urine; happens in the kidneys
A
- Drug excretion
15
Q
– rate of excretion of drugs and its metabolites
A
- Drug clearance
16
Q
Drug response depends on both the affinity of a drug for its receptors and the drug’s efficacy
A
RECEPTOR THEORY
17
Q
- strength of binding between a drug and its receptor
A
• Affinity
18
Q
- the degree to which a drug is able to induce maximal effects
A
• Efficacy
19
Q
– addition of multiple drugs produces different effect for each
A
- Addition
20
Q
– combination of multiple drugs produces singular effect for all
A
- Synergism
21
Q
– addition of one drug will increase the effect of another
A
- Potentiation
22
Q
- addition of one drug will reduce/block the effect of another
A
- Antagonism
23
Q
• Study of exogenous clinical compounds that profoundly influence bodily functions, either in a deleterious way or for therapeutic benefits
A
TOXICOLOGY
24
Q
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY 3 Functions :
A
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
- Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
- Urine testing for drugs of abuse
25
- enables physicians to adjust and optimize the dosage on an individual basis
1. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
26
- identify the offending drug/s
2. Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
27
- establish diagnosis, assess level of intoxication, suggest course of therapy
2. Identification of drugs in acute intoxication
28
- pre-employment and medico-legal cases
3. Urine testing for drugs of abuse
29
Vol for urine drug testing: --
30
Patient:
Donor
31
Freshly voided urine sample temp: --
32
Analytes tested: --
33
: Evidences
Chain of Custody
34
Most common drugs of abuse measured in the Ph/Two-parameters:
Marijuana, Methamphetamine
35
4 areas :
1. drugs of abuse
2. therapeutic drugs
3. environmental carcinogens
4. toxins
36
• Toxicity of chemicals is determined in the [?]
laboratory
37
• The normal procedure is to expose test animals
1. By [?], or some other method which introduces the material into the body
2. By placing the test material in the [?] of the test animals' environment
ingestion, application to the skin, by inhalation, gavage
water or air
38
Toxicity is measured as clinical "endpoints" which include:
o Mortality (death)
o Teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects)
o Carcinogenicity (ability to cause cancer), and,
o Mutagenicity (ability to cause changes in the DNA)
39
(death)
o Mortality
40
(ability to cause birth defects)
o Teratogenicity
41
(ability to cause cancer), and,
o Carcinogenicity
42
(ability to cause changes in the DNA)
o Mutagenicity
43
• The amount (dose) of a chemical which produces death in 50% of a population of test animals to which it is administered by any of a variety of methods mg/kg
LD50
44
• Normally expressed as mgs of substance per kg BW of animal
LD50
45
• The concentration of a chemical which produces death in 50% of en. exposed population of test animals in a specified time frame mg/L
LC50
46
• Normally expressed as mgs of substance per liter of air or water (or as ppm)
LC50
47
OPTIMAL TIME FOR BLOOD SPECIMENS
Steady state concentration
Trough or pre-dose period
Peak or post-dose level
48
• Received regular maintenance doses of the drug for about five half-lives of the drug
Steady state concentration
49
• Just before the next dose
Trough or pre-dose period
50
• For most orally taken drugs
Trough or pre-dose period
51
• Shortly after receiving the drug
Peak or post-dose level
52
Peak or post-dose level IV -
30 minutes after infusion
53
Peak or post-dose level IM -
60 minutes after injection
54
• For patients who exhibit toxic symptoms
Peak or post-dose level
55
TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG ANALYSIS
Immunologic
Chromatographic
Spectrophotometry
56
Ab-antigen
Immunologic
57
Separation technique
Chromatographic
58
Absorbance
Spectrophotometry
59
Immunologic:
• Enzyme immunoassay systems
• Fluorescence immunoassay
• Radioimmunoassay
60
Chromatographic:
• HPLC
• GLC
• TLC
61
Spectrophotometry:
• Visible spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum and fluorescence
62
• Serum + antibody + enzyme-labelled drug + substrate
ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
63
• Measured enzyme activity : drug concentration (directly proportional)
ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
64
• More rapid than RIA ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
65
• 1st homogenous Enzyme Immunoassay
ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
66
: most useful; less likely to be affected by serum constituents
• MDH & G-6-PD
67
• Measures drugs (mg/L) & drug metabolites in biological fluids
ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EMIT)
68
• Some drugs detected:
Cocaine & metabolites, cannabinoides, opiates & barbiturates
69
• Drug to be measured is the hapten
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
70
• Specific antibodies bound to a solid state carrier
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
71
• Separation of the bound drug from the unbound
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
72
• Digoxin and digitoxin tests
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
73
• Principle: Sandwich Immunoassay
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
74
• Drug bound to a fluorogenic substrate :
umbelliferyl-ßgalactoside
75
(Enzyme:)
B-galactosidase
76
• Fluorogenic reagent + antibody + beta-galactosidase --- incubated w/ serum sample
FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY
77
• Drug and DFS compete for binding
FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY
78
SUBSTRATE-LABELED FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY (+)
Flourescence
79
• Fluorescent product
UMBELLIFERONE
80
formed when the substrate is cleaved by Bgalactosidase
UMBELLIFERONE
81
Enzyme cannot cleave the DFS when it is reacted with the specific antibody
UMBELLIFERONE
82
• Separation of free from antibody bound drug
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
83
• Counting the radioactivity in either free or antibody bound fraction
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
84
• Calculating amount of drug in serum from a standard curve of % antibody bound vs drug concentration
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
85
• Incubation of serum + antibody + radiolabeled drug (competition for antibody binding sites)
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
86
• Adsorption of drug to a solid support and elution by means of a mobile, liquid phase
87
- screening for drug identification
• Thin Layer Chromatography
88
- primarily for quantitating serum drug levels in TDM and also for confirming drug identification
• High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography
89
: gold standard for drug testing
• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
90
: NRL for drug testing
• East Avenue Medical Center (Q. C.)
91
: tentative identification of tentative
Spectral scan
92
Quantitative analysis:
93
1. Visible spectrum –
salicylate
94
2. Ultraviolet spectrum
barbiturates
95
Fluorescence –
quinidine
96
Visible spectrum Wavelength:
Ultraviolet spectrum Wavelength:
340 to 700 nm
< 340 nm
