TOXIC AGENTS Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
- Single, short term exposure
A
Acute toxicity
2
Q
- Repeated exposure for extended periods
A
Chronic toxicity
3
Q
- rate at w/c the substance can reach the circulation
A
Routes of exposure
4
Q
– movement of substance
A
Passive diffusion
5
Q
ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS
A
• Ethanol
• Methanol
• Ethylene glycol
• Isopropyl aldohol
6
Q
Fatal dose of 100% pure ethanol: [?] of pure ethanol consumed in less than an hour
A
300-400 ml
7
Q
Varied effects of serum levels on human function
A
ETHANOL
8
Q
1-2
A
10-50 mg/dl
9
Q
None to mild euphoria
A
10-50 mg/dl
10
Q
3-4
A
50-100 mg/dl
100 mg/dl
11
Q
Mild influence on stereoscopic vision and dark adaptation
A
50-100 mg/dl
12
Q
Legally intoxicated
A
100 mg/dl
13
Q
4-6
A
100-150 mg/dl
14
Q
Euphoria; disappearance of inhibition; prolonged reaction time
A
100-150 mg/dl
15
Q
6-7
A
150-200 mg/dL
16
Q
Moderately severe poisoning
A
150-200 mg/dL
17
Q
reaction time greatly prolonged
A
150-200 mg/dL
18
Q
loss of inhibition and slight disturbances in equilibrium and coordination
A
150-200 mg/dL
19
Q
8-9
A
200-250 mg/dL
20
Q
Severe degree of poisoning
A
200-250 mg/dL
21
Q
disturbances of equilibrium and coordination
A
200-250 mg/dL
22
Q
retardation of thought processes and clouding of consciousness
A
200-250 mg/dL
23
Q
10-15
A
250-400 mg/dL
24
Q
Deep, possibly fatal coma
A
250-400 mg/dL
25
Serum concentration: Enzymatic, GC or Electrochemical Oxidation
(direct determination)
ETHANOL
26
• Serum(ethanol) - NAD→[alcohol DH] →
acetaldehyde + NADH
27
• 340 nm absorbance : direct determination of alcohol present
ETHANOL
28
- simplest aliphatic alcohol comprising of methyl and alcohol group
METHANOL
29
METHANOL
- Method of choice:
GC-MS
30
METHANOL
- Treatment: (principle: competition)
ethanol therapy
31
•Wood alcohol
METHANOL
32
•Ingestion of methylated spirits or methanol-containing antifreeze
METHANOL
33
• Rapidly absorbed from the GIT
METHANOL
34
METHANOL
• Toxic dose:
60-250 ml
35
• [?] → formaldehyde → formic acid (toxic)
METHANOL
36
• Ocular toxicity and metabolic acidosis
METHANOL
37
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Fatal dose:
100 g
38
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Method of choice:
HPLC
39
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Treatment:
ethanol therapy
40
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Principle:
competition
41
1,2-ethanediol
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
42
ETHYLENE GLYCOL 3 toxic metabolites:
1. Glycoaldehyde
2. Glycolic acid
3. Glyoxylic acid
43
Metabolized into acetone, CO, & H2O
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
44
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Fatal dose:
250 ml
45
Clues to diagnosis: acetonuria, acetonemia, hyperosmolarity without hyperglycemia or acidosis
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
46
- Rubbing alcohol
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
47
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
- Method of choice:
Gas Chromatography
48
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
- Treatment:
ethanol therapy
49
Binds to hemoglobin to form CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (cherryred)
CARBON MONOXIDE
50
Tissue hypoxia, respiratory, neurologic and cardiac symptoms
CARBON MONOXIDE
51
CARBON MONOXIDE
-Key symptom:
Dyspnea (labored breathing)
52
CARBON MONOXIDE
- Treatment:
100% oxygen theraphy
53
Binds to ferric ion
CYANIDE
54
: inactivates iron-containing enzymes
Cyanoferric complex
55
Binds to Cytochrome oxidase
CYANIDE
56
(inhibits ETC and prevents cellular respiration)
Cytochrome oxidase
57
- Key symptom: tachypnia: resporatory depression + cyanosis + hypotension, convulsion, coma (death in a few minutes)
CYANIDE
58
- Clues to diagnosis : odor of bitter almonds
CYANIDE
59
Rodenticides, weed killers, insecticides
ARSENIC
60
Interacts w/enzyme SH groups → disrupts multiple metabolic systems
ARSENIC
61
ARSENIC Acute fatal dose:
120 mg
62
- Key symptom: GIT symptoms
ARSENIC
63
- Analysis: gastric lavage; urine samples
ARSENIC
64
ARSENIC
- Treatment:
emesis/hemodialysis
65
VI. METALS
66
Acute poisoning common in young children
IRON
67
IRON Toxic amount:
>30mg/kg
68
Once absorbed, removal is difficult
IRON
69
Hepatic cell damage, shock, lactic acidosis
IRON
70
- Inital manifestation: vomiting, severe gastroenteritis, abdominal pain
IRON
71
IRON TОХІСІТУ Diagnosis:
• Serum iron concentration
• TIBC
72
IRON TОХІСІТУ
Treatment
• Supportive treatment (s&s)
• Emesis or gastric lavage
73
MERCURY Forms :
1. Elemental or metallic - toxic when inhaled
2. Mercurous/Mercuric - salt form
3. Alkyl mercury - environmental pollutant
74
MERCURY Acute toxicity:
24 hr. urine levels
75
MERCURY Chronic toxicity:
hair analysis
76
MERCURY Treatment:
gastric lavage or emesis
77
most common toxin
LEAD
78
lead: highly toxic
Organic and inorganic LEAD
79
LEAD Fatal dose
• - chronic toxicity
• - acute toxicity
0.5mg absorbed day
0.5 g absorbed
80
- paint, toys, pencil, lipstick, gasoline,
LEAD TОХІСІТУ
81
Diagnosis
• AAS
•Anode stripping voltametry
LEAD
82
LEAD TОХІСІТУ
Treatment
• Supportive
• Gastric lavage
• Dilute MgS04 or Na2S04
• Chelating agents: dimercaprol, calcium disodium edetate & succimer
83
- esters of HPO4 or thiophosphoric acid
• Organophosphates
84
- synthetic derivatives of carbamic ac d
• Carbamates
85
• Widely used as pesticides
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
86
• Interfere with neurotransmission (acetylcholine)
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
87
• Parasympathetic manifestations: uncontrolled symptoms
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
88
• Salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
89
• Muscular weakness, tachycardia, hypertension.
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
90
• Confusion, slurred speech, ataxia, convulsions
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
91
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
Diagnosis
•Assay of cholinesterase activity
92
Treatment
• Respiratory support
• Gastric lavage or emesis
• Atropine
• Pralidoxime (organophosphate)
ORGAN HOSPRATE AND CARBAMATES
93
ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS
94
- aromatic compounds produced in cigarettes and in exhaust of engines
1. Benzopyrene
95
→ lung cancer
1. Benzopyrene
96
- preservative of red meat
2. Nitrites
97
→ colon cancer
2. Nitrites
98
- produced by Aspergillus
3. Aflatoxin
99
→ hepatocellular carcinoma
3. Aflatoxin
100
: benzene
4. Aromatic hydrocarbon
101
→ acute leukemla
4. Aromatic hydrocarbon
102
- angiosarcoma
5. Vinyl chloride
103
- multiple malignancies
6. Benzidine dyes
104
- lung cancer and mesothelioma
7. Asbestos
105
(used in gas chamber)
Hydrogen cyanide
106
(floor cleaner)
Ammonia
107
(industrial solvent)
Toluene
108
(white ant poison)
Arsenic
109
(lighter fuel)
Butane
110
(insecticide)
DDT
111
(paint stripper)
Acetone
112
(Benzopyrene)
Pyrene *
113
(moth balls)
Naphthalene
114
(car batteries)
Cadmium *
115
(car exhausts)
Carbon monoxide
116
Known cancer causing substance
Vinyl chloride
117
- absorbed in SI
ETHANOL
118
- absorption time: 30 to 90 mins after ingestion
ETHANOL
119
- >90% is metabolized by the hepatic cells to acetaldehyde and acetic acid
ETHANOL
120
: Ex. Lambanog
methylated spirits
121
: from vehicles/cars or radiator oil
methanol-containing antifreeze
122
- correlates w/ symptoms of toxicity and mortality
Glycolic acid
123
- given before anesthesia; to decrease secretion (salivation)
Atropine
124
- reverse muscle weakness/paralysis
Pralidoxime (organophosphate)
125
component of asphalt
Asbestos
126
used in equipment/manufacturing plants/machines
Asbestos
