Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 - DR Creamer

Question 1

The ______ ____ is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Answer 1

hypophysial stalk

Question 2

Due to anatomical location, tumors in the pituitary expand and put pressure on the ____ ___.

Answer 2

optic nerves

Question 3

The posterior pituitary is derived from neural tissue whose cells bodies are located in the hypothalamus. These nuclei are the _____ nucleus and the _____ nucleus.

Answer 3

supraoptic; paraventricular

Question 4

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) secretes _____.

Answer 4

ADH

Question 5

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) secretes ____.

Answer 5

oxytocin

Question 6

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the _____-_____ ____ ____.

Answer 6

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Question 7

The anterior pituitary secretes what 6 hormones?

Answer 7

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin.

Question 8

Hormones do not appear in ____ concentration in systemic circulation from the hypothalamus because they can be ____ delivered to the anterior pituitary in ___ concentrations.

Answer 8

high; directly; high

Question 9

The connections between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary are ____, whereas the connections between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are ____ and ____.

Answer 9

neural; neural; endocrine

Question 10

What constitutes the 3 families of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 10

ACTH family; TSH, FSH, LH family; GH, prolactin family.

Question 11

TRH in the hypothalamus targets thyrotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

Answer 11

TSH

Question 12

CRF in the hypothalamus targets corticotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

Answer 12

ACTH

Question 13

GnRH in the hypothalamus targets gonadotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

Answer 13

LH and FSH

Question 14

GHRH in the hypothalamus targets somatotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

Answer 14

GH

Question 15

______ (____) in the hypothalamus targets somatotrophs in the APit to inhibit secretion of GH.

Answer 15

Somatostatin; GHIH

Question 16

A PIF (such as dopamine) in the hypothalamus targets lactotrophs s in the APit to inhibit secretion of ____.

Answer 16

PRL (prolactin)

Question 17

Elevated TRH in the hypothalamus targets lactotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

Answer 17

PRL

Question 18

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the peripheral endocrine gland.

Answer 18

primary

Question 19

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the pituitary gland.

Answer 19

secondary

Question 20

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the hypothalamus.

Answer 20

tertiary

Question 21

Extreme energy deficits, extreme exercise, and depression can inhibit ____ function.

Answer 21

GnRH

Question 22

FSH and LH promotes ____ and ____ secretion in female and ____ production in males.

Answer 22

estrogen; progesterone; testosterone

Question 23

Normal menstrual cycle depends on ___ and ___.

Answer 23

LH and FSH

Question 24

Describe the HPG axis in females.

Answer 24

GnRH > LH & FSH > androgens & progestins and estrogens

Question 25

Describe the HPG axis in males.

Answer 25

GnRH > LH & FSH > testosterone & androgen-binding protein and spermatogenesis

Question 26

_____ is secreted by the Sertoli cell in males and the Granulosa cell in females and inhibits FSH synthesis in the pituitary gland.

Answer 26

Inhibin

Question 27

____ is characterized by excessive growth of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone in the face, hands, and feet. It is caused by prolonged and excessive secretion of ____ ____ in adult life.

Answer 27

Acromegaly; growth hormone

Question 28

Growth hormone is produced by _____.

Answer 28

somatotropin

Question 29

Growth hormone targets the ___ and ___.

Answer 29

liver; bone

Question 30

Growth hormone is inhibited by _____ and ___.

Answer 30

somatostatin; IGF-1

Question 31

Growth hormone is stimulated by _____ and _____.

Answer 31

fasting; hypoglycemia

Question 32

What are the 3 direct actions of growth hormone?

Answer 32

Binds directly to target cells on bones and muscle to induce cell growth (hypertrophy), cell reproduction (hyperplasia), and cell metabolism.

Question 33

What are the indirect actions of growth hormone?

Answer 33

signals liver to produce IGF which targets almost every cell in the body to stimulate hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 34

Describe the HPGh axis.

Answer 34

GHRH>GH>IGF-1. Hypothalamus can also release GHIH which inhibits GH from being released from the APit. GH inhibits GHRH. IGF-1 inhibits GH and GHRH and stimulates GHIH.

Question 35

A primary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have low levels of ___ and high levels of ___.

Answer 35

IGF-1; GH

Question 36

A secondary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have ___ levels of IGF-1 and ___ levels of GH.

Answer 36

low; low

Question 37

A tertiary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have ___ levels of IGF-1, ___ levels of GH, and ___ levels of Ghrelin/GHRH.

Answer 37

low; low; low

Question 38

_____ is the disorder caused by excesses in growth hormone before the closure of bone epiphyses.

Answer 38

Gigantism

Question 39

In the fed state, the liver will produce ____ which causes mitogenesis, lipolysis, and cell differentiation.

Answer 39

IGF-1

Question 40

When carbohydrate intake is high and protein intake is low, ___ is inhibited so the liver ___ produce IGF-1, causing lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage causing weight gain.

Answer 40

GH; doesn't

Question 41

When carbohydrate intake is low and protein intake is high, GH levels ____ so the liver ___ produce IGF-1, causing lipolysis, ketogenic metabolism, and diabetogenic effect.

Answer 41

increase; will

Question 42

GH promotes lipolysis, but can also promote _____ _____.

Answer 42

insulin insensitivity

Question 43

GH raises blood glucose by decreasing peripheral glucose uptake and stimulating hepatic _____.

Answer 43

gluconeogenesis

Question 44

Acromegaly can be diagnosed by ____ serum GH and IGF-1 levels and ____ to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose.

Answer 44

elevated; failure

Question 45

What are the three main metabolic functions of GH?

Answer 45

Diabetogenic effect, increased protein synthesis and organ growth, and increased linear growth.

Question 46

Growth hormone secretion increases during ___ and ___.

Answer 46

sleep; exercise

Question 47

Growth hormone secretion increases substantially during ____ and decreases in ___ ___.

Answer 47

puberty; old age

Question 48

Excess in GH is usually caused by a growth hormone-secreting ____ ____.

Answer 48

pituitary adenoma

Question 49

Growth hormone levels ____ throughout the day, whereas IGF-1 levels are ____.

Answer 49

fluctuate; constant

Question 50

Diagnosis of acromegaly requires increased serum ___, failure to suppress serum ___ during oral glucose tolerance test, and ____ enlargement on MRI.

Answer 50

IGF-1; GH; pituitary

Question 51

Prolactin secretion begins to increase during the ___ week of pregnancy.

Answer 51

fifth

Question 52

____ inhibits PRL.

Answer 52

Dopamine

Question 53

PRL stimulates and maintains ____.

Answer 53

lactation

Question 54

PRL suppresses ____, so inhibits ___ and -__.

Answer 54

GnRH; LH; FSH

Question 55

____ decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive.

Answer 55

PRL

Question 56

Describe the HPP axis.

Answer 56

The hypothalamus secretes TRH which acts on the APit to secrete PRL to act on the breasts. Dopamine secreted by the hypothalamus inhibits PRL secretion from the APit. PRL stimulates Dopamine secretion for negative feedback. PRL inhibits GnRH secretion to inhibit FSH and LH secretion to the ovaries.

Question 57

Estrogen, suckling, sleep, stress, and TRH all ____ PRL secretion.

Answer 57

stimulate

Question 58

Dopamine, dopamine agonists, somatostatin, and PRL all ____ PRL secretion.

Answer 58

inhibit

Question 59

The most common pituitary adenoma is a ____.

Answer 59

prolactinoma

Question 60

Cushing's disease, TSH-secreting adenoma, acromegaly, gigantism, prolactinoma, and non-functioning adenomas are all types of ______.

Answer 60

hyperpituitarisms

Question 61

Brain damage, adenoma, non-pituitary tumors such as craniopharyngiomas, infections, infarctions such as Sheehan syndrome, autoimmune disorders, pituitary hypoplasia or aplasia, and genetic disorders can all cause _____.

Answer 61

hypopituitarism

Question 62

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ____ and ___.

Answer 62

oxytocin; ADH

Question 63

Describe the regulation of oxytocin secretion.

Answer 63

Prepro-oxyphysin is cleaved to pro-oxyphysin in the hypothalamus and transported via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract where it is cleaved to oxytocin combined with NPI in the PPit. Oxytocin is released from the PPit to the breast and uterus.

Question 64

Oxytocin stimulates ___ _____ when stimulated by sucking and sight, sound, and smell of an infant.

Answer 64

milk letdown

Question 65

Oxytocin stimulates ____ ____ when stimulated by dilation of the cervix or orgasm.

Answer 65

uterine contraction

Question 66

____ is synthetic oxytocin.

Answer 66

Pitocin

Question 67

____ causes increased milk production, whereas ____ causes milk letdown.

Answer 67

Prolactin; oxytocin