Physiology of Learning and Memory

Question 1

_____ is the acquisition of new information (facts).

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

_____ is the retention of new information.

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

Together, learning and memory enable us to _____ ___ _____.

Answer 3

modify our behavior

Question 4

______ ____ is skills and habits that have been used so much that they are automatic.

Answer 4

Procedural memory

Question 5

Procedural memory has anatomic substrates in the _____ for motor skills and _____ for non-motor skills.

Answer 5

cerebellum; nucleus accumbens

Question 6

Procedural memory is aka _____ memory, __-_____ memory, or _____ memory.

Answer 6

implicit; non-declarative; reflexive

Question 7

______ ______ is the memory of events, experiences, and facts.

Answer 7

Declarative memory

Question 8

Declarative memory is aka _____ memory.

Answer 8

explicit

Question 9

Declarative memory is subdivided into _____ and _____ memories.

Answer 9

episodic; semantic

Question 10

Episodic memory is the memory of _____.

Answer 10

events

Question 11

Semantic memory is the memory of ____, _______, and ____.

Answer 11

words; language; rules

Question 12

_____ ____ is recalling a fact/memory for use; it may be a subset of ____-____ memory.

Answer 12

Working memory; short-term

Question 13

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of _____ and _____ plasticity.

Answer 13

neuronal; synaptic

Question 14

______ is alteration in the brain based on use and may be functional or anatomic.

Answer 14

Plasticity

Question 15

Plasticity due to changes in synaptic functioning can be due to ____-_____ ______ or ____-____ _______.

Answer 15

post-tetanic potentiation; long-term potentiation

Question 16

Plasticity due to changes in the structure of neurons can be due to gain/loss of ______, structural changes in ______, or structural changes in the ____.

Answer 16

synapses; dendrites; soma

Question 17

___-______ ________ works by first, a highly active neuron for a short period of time, leading to a large increase in Ca2+ entering the cell (more than can be dealt with), causing more vesicles to fuse, leading to greater neurotransmitter release and a greater probability of action potentials in the post-synaptic cell.

Answer 17

Post-tetanic stimulation

Question 18

____-____ _______ is a series of changes in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter.

Answer 18

Long-term potentiation

Question 19

LTP is an increase in neurotransmitter ______ and an increase in _____ to the neurotransmitter.

Answer 19

release; response

Question 20

LTP usually follows _____ _______.

Answer 20

strong stimulation

Question 21

LTP is associated with gene transcription related to increased _____ which links synaptic functional change and structural change.

Answer 21

CREB

Question 22

The proteins produced in neuronal plasticity include NT ______ _____, NT _______, and ______ _____.

Answer 22

synthetic enzymes; receptors; structural proteins

Question 23

Learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking ______ _______.

Answer 23

protein synthesis

Question 24

In post-tetanic potentiation, increased activity increases the amount of _______ in pre-synaptic terminal which increases ______ release.

Answer 24

calcium; NT

Question 25

LTP is changes in both pre- and post-synaptic responses to NT release so the same NT release creates a _____ _____ which lasts _____.

Answer 25

larger response; longer

Question 26

_____ is involved changes in synapse structure (permanent) and creation of new synapses via _____ _____.

Answer 26

CREB; protein synthesis

Question 27

What are the four steps in creating declarative memories?

Answer 27

1) Encoding 2) Storage of the information 3) Consolidation 4) Retrieval

Question 28

In ______, one is attending to new info and linking it to previous memories.

Answer 28

encoding

Question 29

Emotion is an important component of ______.

Answer 29

encoding

Question 30

What step of creating declarative memories involves the retention of information over time (short term memory)?

Answer 30

step 2: storage of the information

Question 31

The anatomical substrate in short-term memory is the ______, ______ _____, and ______ ______.

Answer 31

hippocampus; parahippocampal complex; prefrontal cortex

Question 32

The interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala is via the _____ ______ __ _____ and is a target in Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 32

nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 33

The physiological substrate in short-term memory is ____.

Answer 33

LTP

Question 34

The shortest possible memories rely on ____-_______ _______.

Answer 34

Post-tetanic potentiation.

Question 35

The temporary storehouse for memory is ____.

Answer 35

LTP

Question 36

______ is the process of making a memory permanent.

Answer 36

Consolidation

Question 37

Consolidation involves physical changes in _____ _____.

Answer 37

synaptic structure

Question 38

Consolidation memory from short- to long-term requires the _______, ______ _____, and ______ _____.

Answer 38

hippocampus; temporal lobes; Papez circuit

Question 39

The Papez circuit involves the _______ ______, ______ _____, ______ ______, and _______.

Answer 39

mammillary bodies; anterior thalamus; cingulate cortex; hippocampus

Question 40

In consolidating memory from short- to long-term, the memory is ______ sent through the Papez circuit, thus setting up conditions required to induce ____ and neuronal ______ back to the cortex. Eventually, the limbic system is not required for access to the memory.

Answer 40

repeatedly; LTP; plasticity

Question 41

Long-term memories are stored in the area of the ____ related to the modality of the individual components.

Answer 41

cortex

Question 42

______ is recalling or using the memory and bringing it into the working memory.

Answer 42

Retrieval

Question 43

Long-term memory requires the ______, _______ _____, and ______.

Answer 43

neocortex; parahippocampal regions; hippocampus

Question 44

In retrieving memories, information related to each component of the memory is sent to the _______ _____.

Answer 44

parahippocampal regions

Question 45

In retrieval, from the parahippocampal cortex, those components are sent to the _____ where the entire memory is _______.

Answer 45

hippocampus; reconstructed

Question 46

In retrieval, once the memories are in the hippocampus and the entire memory is reconstructed, the information then travels back through the ________ to the ____.

Answer 46

parahippocampus; cortex

Question 47

The parahippocampus is important in prolonging the life of the cortical _____ of the memory.

Answer 47

trace

Question 48

The three-component model includes the ____ ____, ____ loop, and _____ loop.

Answer 48

central executive; phonological; visuospatial

Question 49

In working memory, the central executive is the ______ ____ which receives info from the phonological and visuospatial loops.

Answer 49

prefrontal cortex

Question 50

The phonological loop is _____ and ______ which provides and interprets the _____ info associated with the memory.

Answer 50

Broca's; Wernicke's; auditory

Question 51

The visuospatial loop is the ______ _____ which provides and interprets the ____ info associated with the memory.

Answer 51

occipital cortex; visual

Question 52

A detailed memory of space is stored in the ______, using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as ____ cells.

Answer 52

hippocampus; place

Question 53

The spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory and is activated by _____ _____ in a room and even stronger by a _____.

Answer 53

specific features; reward

Question 54

Place cells receive inputs via ___ cells, _____ ____ cells, and ____ cells.

Answer 54

grid; head direction; border

Question 55

_____ cells are neurons that are active only at specific places.

Answer 55

place

Question 56

_____ ______ serves as a scaffold for reconstruction of the entire memory.

Answer 56

Spatial memory

Question 57

Place cells are located in the ______.

Answer 57

hippocampus

Question 58

Grid cells are located in the _______ _____.

Answer 58

entorhinal cortex

Question 59

_____ ____ are active when exploring an area and create a ____ of the area (triangular or hexagonal).

Answer 59

Grid cells; grid