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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

A

self-concept

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2
Q

the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one’s self-concept

A

self-verification

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3
Q

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong; the way we define ourselves
e.g. religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations

A

identities

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4
Q

describes our evaluation of ourselves; generally, the closer the actual self is to the ideal self or ought self, the higher our ____ will be

A

self-esteem

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5
Q

the way we see ourselves as we currently are

A

actual self

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6
Q

who we want to be

A

ideal self

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7
Q

who others want us to be

A

ought self

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8
Q

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation

A

self-efficacy

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9
Q

can result from being placed in a consistently hopeless scenario leading to self-efficacy being diminished

A

learned helplessness

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10
Q

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives; can be internal or external

A

locus of control

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11
Q

type of locus of control:

people with this type of locus see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions

A

internal locus of control

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12
Q

type of locus of control:

people with this type of locus perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives

A

external locus of control

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13
Q

theory of personality development:

theory of five stages of personality development based on libido

A

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

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14
Q

sex drive; tensions it causes are basis of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personal development

A

libido

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15
Q

results form failure at any stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and causes personality disorders

A

fixation

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16
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
first stage (0-1 years); libidinal energy centered on mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
A

oral stage

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17
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
second stage (1-3 years); toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
A

anal stage

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18
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
third stage (3-5 years); Oedipal and Electra conflict is resolved during this stage
A

phallic stage

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19
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
fourth stage (5 years - puberty); libido is largely sublimated during this stage
A

latency stage

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20
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
fifth stage (puberty - adulthood); if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships
A

genital stage

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21
Q

theory of personality development:
theorizes that personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts throughout life; 8 stages of crisis

A

Erikson’s theory of psychological development

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22
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

0-1 years; Can I trust the world?

A

trust vs mistrust

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23
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

1-3 years; Is it ok to be me?

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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24
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

3-6 years; Is it ok for me to do, move, and act?

A

initiative vs guilt

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25
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

6-12 years; Can I make it in the world of people and things?

A

industry vs inferiority

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26
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

12-20 years; Who am I? What can I be?

A

identity vs role confusion

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27
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

20-40 years; Can I love?

A

intimacy vs isolation

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28
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

40-65 years; Can I make my life count?

A

generativity vs stagnation

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29
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

65 years - death; Is it ok to have been me?

A

integrity vs despair

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30
Q

theory of personality development:

theory of six stages (three phases) that describe the approaches of individuals to solving moral dilemmas

A

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

31
Q

phase of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning:

during preadolescence; stages 1 (obedience) and 2 (self-interest)

A

preconventional morality

32
Q

phase of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning:

adolescence - adulthood; stages 3 (conformity) and 4 (law and order)

A

conventional morality

33
Q 
phase of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning:
during adulthood (if at all); stages 5 (social contract) and 6 (universal human ethics)
A

postconventional morality

34
Q

theory of personality development:

idea that describes the skills a child has not yet mastered and requires a more knowledgeable other to accomplish

A

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

35
Q

the group to which we compare ourselves; contributes to our self-concepts

A

reference group

36
Q

describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and location
theories include: psychoanalytic, humanistic, type and trait, and behaviorist

A

personality

37
Q

theory of personality:

views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires

A

psychoanalytic perspective (psychodynamic)

38
Q

contributor to psychoanalytic theory:
based theory on id, superego, and ego; the ego makes use of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego

A

Freud’s theories

39
Q

Freud:

base urges of survival and reproduction

A

id

40
Q

Freud:

the idealist and perfectionist

A

superego

41
Q

Freud:

the mediator between the id and superego and the conscious mind

A

ego

42
Q

Freud:

used by the ego to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego; 8 kinds

A

defense mechanisms

43
Q

defense mechanism:

unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

A

repression

44
Q

defense mechanism:

consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

A

supression

45
Q

defense mechanism:

returning to an earlier stage of development

A

regression

46
Q

defense mechanism:

an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite

A

reaction formation

47
Q

defense mechanism:

attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else

A

projection

48
Q

defense mechanism:

justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

A

rationalization

49
Q

defense mechanism:

changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same

A

displacement

50
Q

defense mechanism:

channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction

A

sublimation

51
Q

contributor to psychoanalytic theory:
assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together; viewed the personality as being influenced by archetypes

A

Jung’s theories

52
Q

Jungian archetype:

the aspect of our personality we present to the world

A

persona

53
Q

Jungian archetype:

a “man’s inner woman”

A

anima

54
Q

Jungian archetype:

a “woman’s inner man”

A

animus

55
Q

Jungian archetype:

unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions experienced in the unconscious mind

A

shadow

56
Q

contributor to psychoanalytic theory:
some other psychoanalysts that have distanced themselves from Freud’s theories, claiming that the unconscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges

A

Adler and Horney

57
Q

theory of personality:
emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization; inspired Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Lewin’s force field theory, Kelly’s personal construct psychology, and Roger’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard; often associated with Gestalt therapy

A

humanistic perspective (phenomenological)

58
Q

theory of personality:
theorists believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

A

type and trait theories

59
Q

theory of personality:
include ancient Greek notion of humors (based on body fluids), Sheldon’s somatotypes (body types), division into Types A and B, and the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

A

type theories

60
Q

groups of behaviors that typically occur together

A

traits

61
Q

type theorist of personality:
identified three major traits which could be used to describe all individuals (PEN model): psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation), and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations)

A

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

62
Q

recent expansion of PEN model with five traits: openness (openness to experience), conscientiousness (high levels = high impulse control; low levels = spontaneity), extraversion, agreeableness (degree to which a person is concerned about maintaining peace and harmony in interactions), and neuroticism

A

Five Factor Model (the Big Five)

63
Q

type theorist of personality:

identified three basic types of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

A

Allport

64
Q

Allport:

traits around which a person organizes his or her life; not developed by everyone

A

cardinal traits

65
Q

Allport:

represent major characteristics of personality

A

central traits

66
Q

Allport:

more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence

A

secondary traits

67
Q

type theorist of personality:

identified the personality trait of the need for achievement (N-ach)

A

McClelland

68
Q

theory of personality:

holds that individuals interact with their environments in a cycle called reciprocal determinism

A

social cognitive perspective

69
Q

idea that people mold their environments according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

A

reciprocal determinism

70
Q

theory of personality:
based on concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments

A

behaviorist perspective

71
Q

theorists of personality:

claim that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression

A

biological theorists

72
Q

PEN model

A

PEN: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

73
Q

Five Factor Model

A

OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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