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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

A

self-concept

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2
Q

the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one’s self-concept

A

self-verification

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3
Q

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong; the way we define ourselves
e.g. religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations

A

identities

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4
Q

describes our evaluation of ourselves; generally, the closer the actual self is to the ideal self or ought self, the higher our ____ will be

A

self-esteem

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5
Q

the way we see ourselves as we currently are

A

actual self

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6
Q

who we want to be

A

ideal self

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7
Q

who others want us to be

A

ought self

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8
Q

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation

A

self-efficacy

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9
Q

can result from being placed in a consistently hopeless scenario leading to self-efficacy being diminished

A

learned helplessness

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10
Q

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives; can be internal or external

A

locus of control

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11
Q

type of locus of control:

people with this type of locus see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions

A

internal locus of control

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12
Q

type of locus of control:

people with this type of locus perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives

A

external locus of control

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13
Q

theory of personality development:

theory of five stages of personality development based on libido

A

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

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14
Q

sex drive; tensions it causes are basis of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personal development

A

libido

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15
Q

results form failure at any stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and causes personality disorders

A

fixation

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16
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
first stage (0-1 years); libidinal energy centered on mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
A

oral stage

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17
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
second stage (1-3 years); toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
A

anal stage

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18
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
third stage (3-5 years); Oedipal and Electra conflict is resolved during this stage
A

phallic stage

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19
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
fourth stage (5 years - puberty); libido is largely sublimated during this stage
A

latency stage

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20
Q 
stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development:
fifth stage (puberty - adulthood); if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships
A

genital stage

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21
Q

theory of personality development:
theorizes that personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts throughout life; 8 stages of crisis

A

Erikson’s theory of psychological development

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22
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

0-1 years; Can I trust the world?

A

trust vs mistrust

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23
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

1-3 years; Is it ok to be me?

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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24
Q

stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development:

3-6 years; Is it ok for me to do, move, and act?

A

initiative vs guilt

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25
stage of Erikson's theory of psychological development: | 6-12 years; Can I make it in the world of people and things?
industry vs inferiority
26
stage of Erikson's theory of psychological development: | 12-20 years; Who am I? What can I be?
identity vs role confusion
27
stage of Erikson's theory of psychological development: | 20-40 years; Can I love?
intimacy vs isolation
28
stage of Erikson's theory of psychological development: | 40-65 years; Can I make my life count?
generativity vs stagnation
29
stage of Erikson's theory of psychological development: | 65 years - death; Is it ok to have been me?
integrity vs despair
30
theory of personality development: | theory of six stages (three phases) that describe the approaches of individuals to solving moral dilemmas
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
31
phase of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: | during preadolescence; stages 1 (obedience) and 2 (self-interest)
preconventional morality
32
phase of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: | adolescence - adulthood; stages 3 (conformity) and 4 (law and order)
conventional morality
33
``` phase of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: during adulthood (if at all); stages 5 (social contract) and 6 (universal human ethics) ```
postconventional morality
34
theory of personality development: | idea that describes the skills a child has not yet mastered and requires a more knowledgeable other to accomplish
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
35
the group to which we compare ourselves; contributes to our self-concepts
reference group
36
describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and location theories include: psychoanalytic, humanistic, type and trait, and behaviorist
personality
37
theory of personality: | views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires
psychoanalytic perspective (psychodynamic)
38
contributor to psychoanalytic theory: based theory on id, superego, and ego; the ego makes use of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego
Freud's theories
39
Freud: | base urges of survival and reproduction
id
40
Freud: | the idealist and perfectionist
superego
41
Freud: | the mediator between the id and superego and the conscious mind
ego
42
Freud: | used by the ego to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego; 8 kinds
defense mechanisms
43
defense mechanism: | unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
repression
44
defense mechanism: | consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
supression
45
defense mechanism: | returning to an earlier stage of development
regression
46
defense mechanism: | an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite
reaction formation
47
defense mechanism: | attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else
projection
48
defense mechanism: | justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
rationalization
49
defense mechanism: | changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same
displacement
50
defense mechanism: | channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction
sublimation
51
contributor to psychoanalytic theory: assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together; viewed the personality as being influenced by archetypes
Jung's theories
52
Jungian archetype: | the aspect of our personality we present to the world
persona
53
Jungian archetype: | a "man's inner woman"
anima
54
Jungian archetype: | a "woman's inner man"
animus
55
Jungian archetype: | unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions experienced in the unconscious mind
shadow
56
contributor to psychoanalytic theory: some other psychoanalysts that have distanced themselves from Freud's theories, claiming that the unconscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges
Adler and Horney
57
theory of personality: emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization; inspired Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Lewin's force field theory, Kelly's personal construct psychology, and Roger's therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard; often associated with Gestalt therapy
humanistic perspective (phenomenological)
58
theory of personality: theorists believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
type and trait theories
59
theory of personality: include ancient Greek notion of humors (based on body fluids), Sheldon's somatotypes (body types), division into Types A and B, and the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
type theories
60
groups of behaviors that typically occur together
traits
61
type theorist of personality: identified three major traits which could be used to describe all individuals (PEN model): psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation), and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations)
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
62
recent expansion of PEN model with five traits: openness (openness to experience), conscientiousness (high levels = high impulse control; low levels = spontaneity), extraversion, agreeableness (degree to which a person is concerned about maintaining peace and harmony in interactions), and neuroticism
Five Factor Model (the Big Five)
63
type theorist of personality: | identified three basic types of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
Allport
64
Allport: | traits around which a person organizes his or her life; not developed by everyone
cardinal traits
65
Allport: | represent major characteristics of personality
central traits
66
Allport: | more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence
secondary traits
67
type theorist of personality: | identified the personality trait of the need for achievement (N-ach)
McClelland
68
theory of personality: | holds that individuals interact with their environments in a cycle called reciprocal determinism
social cognitive perspective
69
idea that people mold their environments according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
reciprocal determinism
70
theory of personality: based on concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments
behaviorist perspective
71
theorists of personality: | claim that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression
biological theorists
72
PEN model
PEN: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
73
Five Factor Model
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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