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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

A

motivation

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2
Q

motivation based on external circumstances

A

extrinsic

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3
Q

motivation based on internal drive or perception

A

intrinsic

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4
Q

the primary factors that influence emotion:

A

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

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5
Q

innate, fixed patterns of behavior

A

instincts

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6
Q

theory of motivation:

people perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

A

instinct theory

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7
Q

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

A

arousal

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8
Q

theory of motivation:

people perform actions to maintain arousal, at an optimal level

A

arousal theory

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9
Q

shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

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10
Q

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

A

drives

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11
Q

motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes in homeostasis

A

primary drives

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12
Q

motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires

A

secondary drives

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13
Q

theory of motivation:

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

A

drive reduction theory

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14
Q

relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action

A

needs

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15
Q

prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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16
Q

theory of motivation:

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness

A

self-determination theory

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17
Q

theory of motivation:

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

A

incentive theory

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18
Q

theory of motivation:
the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

A

expectancy-value theory

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19
Q

theory of motivation:
explains motivation for drug use; as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

A

opponent-process theory

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20
Q

type of motivation related to hormones as well as cultural and societal factors

A

sexual motivation

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21
Q

is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships; has three components

A

emotion

22
Q

component of emotion:

subjective interpretation

A

cognitive

23
Q

component of emotion:

facial expressions and body language

A

behavioral

24
Q

component of emotion:

changes in autonomic nervous system

A

physiological

25
Q

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

A

seven universal emotions

26
Q

theory of emotion:

nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience

A

James-Lange theory

27
Q

theory of emotion:

arousal of the nervous system and the experiences of emotion occur simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard theory

28
Q

theory of emotion:

nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion

A

Schachter-Singer theory

29
Q

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

A

limbic system

30
Q

part of limbic system:
is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

A

amygdala

31
Q

part of limbic system:

is a sensory processing station

A

thalamus

32
Q

part of limbic system:

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

part of limbic system:

creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

A

hippocampus

34
Q

part of limbic system:

anterior portion of frontal lobe; involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions; three divisions

A

prefrontal cortex

35
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

associated with attention and cognition

A

dorsal prefrontal cortex

36
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

critical for experiencing emotion

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

37
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

38
Q

the physiological and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes

A

stress

39
Q

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; consists of two stages

A

stress (cognitive) appraisal

40
Q

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal:

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

A

primary appraisal

41
Q

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal:

directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

A

secondary appraisal

42
Q

anything that leads to a stress response; can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological ____

A

stressors

43
Q

include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict

A

psychological stressors

44
Q

occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g. a threat)

A

distress

45
Q

the result of a positively-perceived stressor

A

eustress

46
Q

sequence of physiological responses when body is subjected to a stress as developed by Hans Selye; three stages

A

general adaptation theory

47
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:

initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

alarm

48
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:
second stage in which continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight stressor

A

resistance

49
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:

third stage when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity

A

exhaustion

50
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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