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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Social Structure and Demographics > Flashcards

Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

1
Q

the study of society: how we create society, how we interact within and change society, and how we define what is normal and abnormal within society

A

sociology

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2
Q

provide frameworks for the interactions we observe within society; models to help analyze and explain aspects of human social behavior

A

theoretical approaches to sociology

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3
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

A

functionalism

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4
Q

functionalism:

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

A

manifest function

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5
Q

functionalism:

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

A

latent functions

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6
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

A

conflict theory

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7
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:

the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

A

symbolic interactionism

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8
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:
explores the way in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality; how groups of people come to ascribe meaning or value to objects or concepts

A

social constructionism

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9
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

A

rational choice theory

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10
Q

applies rational choice theory within social groups

A

exchange theory

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11
Q

theoretical approach to sociology:

explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

A

feminist theory

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12
Q

well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture; common ones include the family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine (has four ethical tenants)

A

social institutions

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13
Q

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to acting in the patient’s best interest

A

beneficence

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14
Q

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

A

nonmalificence

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15
Q

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

A

respect for autonomy

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16
Q

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

A

justice

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17
Q

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

A

culture

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18
Q

culture:
includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

A

material culture

19
Q

culture:

includes the ideas associated with a cultural group

A

symbolic culture

20
Q

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

A

cultural lag

21
Q

a social difference that impedes interaction

A

cultural barrier

22
Q

consists of spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

A

language

23
Q

what a person deems important in life

A

values

24
Q

something a person considers to be true

A

belief

25
Q

a formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage; it is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

A

ritual

26
Q

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

A

norms

27
Q

refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology; one can analyze hundreds of ____ variables, some of the most common are age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

A

demographics

28
Q

demographic:

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

A

aegism

29
Q

demographic:

the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

A

gender

30
Q

the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

A

gender inequality

31
Q

demographic:
a social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; these may be either real or perceived differences

A

race

32
Q

demographic:

a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

A

ethnicity

33
Q

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life

A

symbolic ethnicity

34
Q

demographic:

can be defined by one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

A

sexual orientation

35
Q

demographic:

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

A

fertility rate

36
Q

demographic:

births relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

A

birth rate

37
Q

demographic:
the average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

A

mortality rate

38
Q

refers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another

A

migration

39
Q

migration:

the movement into a new geographic area

A

immigration

40
Q

migration:

the movement away from a geographic area

A

emigration

41
Q

demographic:

a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

A

demographic transition

42
Q

demographic:

organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

A

social movements

43
Q

demographic:

the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

A

globalization

44
Q

demographic:

refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration or, in other words, creating cities

A

urbanization

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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