Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around

Answer 1

social action

Question 2

describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

Answer 2

social facilitation

Question 3

states that being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

Answer 3

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Question 4

a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

Answer 4

deindividuation

Question 5

describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

Answer 5

bystander effect

Question 6

tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting

Answer 6

social loafing

Question 7

refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals

Answer 7

peer pressure

Question 8

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

Answer 8

cognitive dissonance

Question 9

explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

Answer 9

social interaction

Question 10

the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

Answer 10

group polarization

Question 11

the tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas; ethics may be disturbed as pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group

Answer 11

groupthink

Question 12

describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

Answer 12

culture

Question 13

the process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture

Answer 13

assimilation

Question 14

refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

Answer 14

multiculturalism (cultural diversity)

Question 15

refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

Answer 15

subcultures

Question 16

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

Answer 16

socialization

Question 17

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Answer 17

norms

Question 18

widely observed social norms

Answer 18

mores

Question 19

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior; can be used to maintain social control

Answer 19

sanctions

Question 20

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

Answer 20

taboo

Question 21

any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values; include family, peers, school, religious affiliation, and other groups that promote socialization

Answer 21

agent of socialization

Question 22

common trends and beliefs prevalent at a given point in time

Answer 22

popular culture

Question 23

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

Answer 23

stigma

Question 24

refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

Answer 24

deviance

Question 25

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

Answer 25

conformity

Question 26

involves changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

Answer 26

internalization

Question 27

refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

Answer 27

identification

Question 28

occurs when individuals change their behaviors based on the requests of others; methods of gaining ____ include the foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not-all technique, among others

Answer 28

compliance

Question 29

method of gaining compliance:

begins with small request, and after compliance is gained, a larger request is made

Answer 29

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 30

method of gaining compliance:

a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made

Answer 30

door-in-the-face technique

Question 31

method of gaining compliance:

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

Answer 31

lowball technique

Question 32

method of gaining compliance:
an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected (like informercials)

Answer 32

that’s-not-all technique

Question 33

a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

Answer 33

obedience

Question 34

tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something; three components (ABC): affective, behavioral, cognitive

Answer 34

attitudes

Question 35

component of attitude:

the way a person feels toward something; emotional component

Answer 35

affective

Question 36

component of attitude:

the way a person acts with respect to something

Answer 36

behavioral

Question 37

component of attitude:

the way an individual thinks about something, usually the justification for the other two components

Answer 37

cognitive

Question 38

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that there are four functional areas of attitude that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

Answer 38

functional attitudes theory

Question 39

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

Answer 39

learning theory

Question 40

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:

separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information

Answer 40

elaboration likelihood model

Question 41

elaboration likelihood model:

high elaboration; scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information

Answer 41

central route processing

Question 42

elaboration likelihood model:
low elaboration; focusing on superficial details of persuasive information, such as appearances, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility

Answer 42

peripheral route processing

Question 43

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

Answer 43

social cognitive theory