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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors, including physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity

A

interpersonal attraction

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2
Q

factor of interpersonal attraction:

increased with symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio

A

physical attractiveness

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3
Q

factor of interpersonal attraction:
having something in common, such as attitudes, intelligence education, height, age, religion, appearance, or socioeconomic status

A

similarity

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4
Q

factor of interpersonal attraction:

includes sharing fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgement

A

self-disclosure

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5
Q

factor of interpersonal attraction:

we like people who we think like us

A

reciprocity

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6
Q

factor of interpersonal attraction:

being physically close to someone

A

proximity

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7
Q

a physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

A

aggression

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8
Q

an emotional bond to another person, and usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver; four types

A

attachment

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9
Q

type of attachment:
requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver

A

secure attachment

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10
Q

type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

A

avoidant attachment

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11
Q

type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

A

ambivalent attachment

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12
Q

type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behavior

A

disorganized attachment

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13
Q

the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

A

social support

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14
Q

type of social support:

includes listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

A

emotional support

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15
Q

type of social support:

affirms the qualities and skills of the person

A

esteem support

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16
Q

type of social support:

is providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

A

material support

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17
Q

type of social support:

is providing useful information to a person

A

informational support

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18
Q

type of social support:

is providing a sense of belonging to a person

A

network support

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19
Q

is searching for and exploiting food resources

A

foraging

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20
Q

describes the way in which a groups is organized in terms of sexual behavior

A

mating system

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21
Q

type of mating system:

consists of exclusive mating relationships

A

monogamy

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22
Q

type of mating system:
consists of multiple exclusive relationships, including polygyny (with multiple females) and polyandry (with multiple males)

A

polygamy

23
Q

type of mating system:

means mating without exclusivity

A

promiscuity

24
Q

is the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

A

mate choice (intersexual selection)

25
Q

a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him- or herself

A

altruism

26
Q

attempts to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

A

game theory

27
Q

a measure of an organism’s success in the population; this is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others

A

inclusive fitness

28
Q

the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment; it contains a perceiver, his or her target, and the situation or social context of the scenario

A

social perception (social cognition)

29
Q

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related; certain cognitive biases impact our perception of others

A

implicit personality theory

30
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:

refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

A

primacy effect

31
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:

is when the most recent information we have about an individual is more important in forming our impressions

A

recency effect

32
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
is the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

A

reliance on central traits

33
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:

when judgements of an individuals character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

A

halo effect

34
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:

the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

A

just-world hypothesis

35
Q

cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

A

self-serving bias

36
Q

states that individuals tend to try to infer the causes of other peoples behavior

A

attribution theory

37
Q

attribution theory:

causes that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered

A

dispositional (internal)

38
Q

attribution theory:

causes that are related to features of the surroundings or social context

A

situational (external)

39
Q

observers will attribute their own bad behavior to situational factors (not feeling well), whereas observers will attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)

A

actor-observer bias

40
Q

is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

A

correspondent interference theory

41
Q

the bias toward making dispositional (internal) attributions rather than situational (external) attributions in regard to the actions of others

A

fundamental attribution error

42
Q

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

A

attribute substitution

43
Q

are highly influenced by the culture in which one resides

A

attributions

44
Q

occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group of individuals

A

stereotypes

45
Q

process where stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

46
Q

is concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

A

stereotype threat

47
Q

is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience

A

prejudice

48
Q

refers to the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

49
Q

refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

A

cultural relativism

50
Q

is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

A

discrimination

51
Q

refers to one person’s discriminating against a particular person or group

A

individual discrimination

52
Q

refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

A

institutional discrimination

53
Q

the phenomenon that study participants act differently than they normally would due to knowledge that they are being observed

A

Hawthorne effect

54
Q

game theory:
a type of game in which all of the players’ gains and losses add up to zero; when one player wins the other loses, their outcomes adding to zero

A

zero-sum game

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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