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IMAT Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an immune system?

A

A network that protects us from disease.

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2
Q

Immune system division

A
  1. Innate immune system
    . Humoral (Macromolecules in extracellular fluid)
    . Cell- mediated (Immune cells)
  2. Adaptive (Acquired) immune system
    . Humoral
    . Cell-mediated
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3
Q

Antibodies are also called

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

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4
Q

How does the immune system recognize a foreign object?

A

By identifying PAMPS (Pathogen associated molecular patterns), which can be made from various molecules (lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids)

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5
Q

Pathogen types

A
  1. Extracellular pathogen
    . Can be anything except viruses
  2. Intracellular pathogen
    . Can be anything
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6
Q

Innate immune system division

A

First Line Defense
. Physical/ chemical barriers
Second Line Defense
. Leukocytes
. Physiological response (Fever, and inflammation)
. Chemicals

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7
Q

Leukocytes of the immune system

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Monocytes
    . Macrophage
  3. Dendritic cell
  4. NK cells
  5. Basophil
  6. Eosinophil
  7. Mast cell
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8
Q

Physiological responses

A
  1. Inflammation
    . Increased fluid and leukocyte flow
    . Cytokines, prostaglandin and histamine stimulate inflammation
  2. Fever
    . Cytokines, and interleukines ( a type of cytokines) induce fever.
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9
Q

Chemicals

A
  1. Interferons ( a type of cytokines that alert the body of infection or cancer)
    . Tell other nearby cells to increase their antiviral defense
    . Call leukocytes to kill
  2. Complement proteins
    . Inactive proteins that activate during infection
    . Kill pathogens directly
    . Opsonisation (tag pathogens for phagocytosis)
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10
Q

Monocyte is precursor for _______

A

Macrophage and dendritic cells

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11
Q

List all leukocytes of the innate immune system

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Macrophages
  4. Granulocytes
    . Neutrophil
    . Basophil
    . Eosinophil
    . Mast cell
  5. Natural killer
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12
Q

List all granulocytes

A

. Neutrophil
. Basophil
. Eosinophil
. Mast cell

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13
Q

______ is the most abundant leukocytes in human body

A

Neutrophil

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14
Q

______ is the first responder to infection

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

Neutrophil’s functions

A

. Recruit other leukocytes
. Phagocytosis
. Kill or inhibit bacteria/ fungi

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16
Q

__________ (leukocytes) damage tissue

A

Eosinophil

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17
Q

Eosinophil function

A

. Granule kill bacteria, parasite and worm
. Phagocytosis

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18
Q

_______ ( leukocytes in the innate immune system) is responsible for allergic reaction

A

Basophil and mast cells

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19
Q

Basophil function

A

. Granules produce histamine
. Kill parasite

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20
Q

Where are neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil found in?

A

Blood vessels but they can migrate to infected tissue

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21
Q

Mast cell function

A

. Produce histamine and heparin
. Causes inflammation

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22
Q

Where is mast cell found?

Study These Flashcards
A

In connective tissue, blood vessels, and mucous membranes

23
Q

List other leukocytes of the innate immune system excluding the granulocytes

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A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Macrophages
  4. Natural killer
24
Q

Monocytes’ function

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A

In response to inflammation, turn into macrophages or dendritic cells

25
Where is monocytes found in?
Stored in spleen Move through vessels Activated in inflamed tissue
26
Macrophage and dendritic cell’s function
. Phagocytosis . Antigen presentation to the adaptive immune system
27
Where are dendritic cells found ?
Epithelial tissue, skin, lungs, GI tract, and stomach Once they have antigen to present, they go to lymph nodes
28
NK is a type of _______
Lymphocytes
29
NK cell’s function
Induce apoptosis to compromised cells
30
Where is natural killer found?
Vessels but migrate to infected site.
31
How do NK cells identify which cell to kill?
1. MHC-1 (Major histocompatibility class 1 molecule) is a complex that presents its own peptide to NK. 2. If a cell presents a foreign (viral) peptide, the MHC-1 is deformed or non-existent, apoptosis is induced.
32
How do macrophages and dendritic cells present pathogenic antigens?
Via MHC-2
33
On which cells is MHC2 found?
Macrophage, dendritic cells, B and T lymphocytes
34
Macrophages call T-helper cells via ________
Interferons (A type of cytokines)
35
Interferons function
Interferons are a class of cytokines produced by compromised cell to alert nearby cells to increase antiviral defenses, and call leukocytes to site for killing pathogens, and compromised cell. They are under the second line of defense (chemicals) in the innate immune system. They are in
36
What do complement proteins do?
They mark pathogens for phagocytosis (opsonisation), or they bind to the pathogen and kill by forming a complex
37
What do interleukins do?
They induce fever, and they are produced by certain leukocytes (macrophage and dendritic cells) to call lymphocytes to the infection site.
38
What is an antigen?
It is a foreign macromolecule that generates an immune response
39
Humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system primarily means …
Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
40
Humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system (process)
1. Macrophage or dendritic cell present foreign antigen on MHC2. 2. They also release interleukins to attract T-helper cells on site. 3. B- lymphocytes bind to antigen on macrophage. 4. Helper-T cells bind to macrophages, and become activated. 5. Activated T-helper cells activate B-lymphocytes. 6. B-lymphocytes divide by mitosis to form plasma cells or memory cells. 7. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, and bind to the antigen.
41
Cell mediated adaptive immune response primarily means …
T- lymphocytes . CD4 (T helper cells) . CD8 (Cytotoxic T cells) . T- suppressor cells . T-helper cells
42
Helper T cells’ function
. Bind to MHC2 to become activated . Activate Cytotoxic T cells, and B-lymphocytes. . Enhance macrophage activity . Help T-lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T cells
43
Cytotoxic T cells’ function
. Contain T-cell receptor which recognizes specific antigens . Bind to MHC-1 . Kills pathogens, and compromised cells by releasing perforins, and granzymes.
44
T-suppressor cells’ function
. Prevent the immune system from attacking the body . Helps the immune system know what is self and non- self
45
List all lymphocytes
1. T-helper cells 2. Cytotoxic T-cells 3. B-lymphocytes 4. T-suppressor cells 5. Natural killer cells
46
List Antigen presenting cells
1. B-lymphocytes 2. Macrophage 3. Dendritic cells
47
T-helper cell has _____ on their membrane which binds to ______
TCR (T- cell receptor) on T-helper cells bind binds to antigen. CD4 receptor binds to MHC-2.
48
How do cytotoxic-T cells kill cells?
The CD-8 receptor on killer T cells binds to MHC-1, and it releases perforins, and induce apoptosis.
49
Antibody’s structure
. Y-shaped protein . Two heavy chains and two light chains blinded by disulfide bridges . Have constant region and variable region . Have antigen binding site
50
The area of the antigen that binds the immunoglobulin
Epitope
51
Epitope
The area of the antigen that binds the immunoglobulin
52
How do antibodies kill/ inhibit pathogen?
1. Opsonisation 2. Agglutination 3. Neutralization 4. Complement activation
53
For the B-lymphocyte to be activated, the following conditions must be met.
1. An antigen must bind to the B-cell receptor (membrane bound antibody). 2. T-helper cells bind must bind to the antigen carrying MHC-2 on B-cell with its T-cell receptor.
54
Does naive B-cells produce antibodies?
Yes, they have membrane bound antibody known as the B-cell receptor.

IMAT Biology (18 decks)

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