Reproduction Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Which cells secrete inhibit in human males?
A
Sertoli cells
2
Q
Bar body formation is _______
A
X- chromosome inactivation
3
Q
Bar body occurs during ________
A
Embryonic development
4
Q
Fill the labels
A
Here
5
Q
A
6
Q
Semen’s function and components
A
- Fructose for energy source
- Enzymes to protect sperm and allow them to survive in the female reproductive system
- Medium for sperm to travel
7
Q
Semen is produced by
A
- Seminal vesicles (60-75%)
- Prostate gland (20-30%)
- Bulbourethral gland secretes semen (1-5%) and Cowper’s fluid that lubricates and neutralizes urethra during sexual arousal.
8
Q
Testes’s function is to ______
A
Produce testosterone and sperm
9
Q
Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) produce
A
A clear fluid that lubricates the urethra so sperm can pass more easily, and neutralizes any acidity that is present
10
Q
Dorsal and ventral parts of the penile tissue
A
Corpus cavernosum (Dorsal)
Corpus spongiosum (Ventral)
11
Q
Testis is separated into different _______
A
Lobules
12
Q
Each lobule of testis contains _____
A
Seminiferous tubules
13
Q
Spermatogenesis occurs in ________
A
Seminiferous tubules
14
Q
All names of cells in seminiferous tubules
A
- Sertoli cells
Function:
FSH and testosterone receptors
Produce inhibin and assist with spermatogenesis - Leydig cells
LH receptors
Produce testosterone - Spermatogenic cells will turn into spermatocytes
15
Q
Epididymis function and structure
A
Function: Storage, maturation, and transportation of sperm
Structure: Pseudo-stratified epithelium, and stereo cilia for fluid reabsorption
16
Q
A
17
Q
Where are Sertoli cells found?
A
Wall of seminiferous tubules
18
Q
Where are leydig cells found?
A
Outside of seminiferous tubules
In space between seminiferous tubules
19
Q
Where are spermatogenic cells found?
A
Found in the wall of seminiferous tubules
20
Q
Types of spermatogenic cells
A
- Spermatogonia
- Primary spermatocyte
- Secondary spermatocyte
- Spermatid
- Spermatozoa/ Sperm
21
Q
Walls of seminiferous tubules are called ______
A
Germinal epithelium
22
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
The entire process of spermatogenic cells dividing into mature sperm
23
Q
Spermiogenesis
A
The maturation of spermatid into mature spermatozoa
24
Q
Acrosome is derived from
A
Golgi apparatus
25
Acrosome is a ______
Acidic vacuole that contains hydrolytic enzymes that penetrate the egg’s coat.
26
Sperm contains mitochondria in its ______
Mid piece
27
Flagella is created from ______
Microtubules
28
Sertoli cells function
They respond to FSH and testosterone. They produce inhibin and assists with Spermatogenesis.
29
Leydig cells function
Respond to LH, produces testosterone.
30
What does inhibin do, and which cells produce inhibin in male?
1. Inhibin inhibits the production of FSH, and LH from anterior pituitary
2. Sertoli cells in the wall of seminiferous tubules produce inhibin.
31
What does Gonadtropin releasing hormone do, and what releases it?
Hypothalamus releases it, and it stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
32
What does testosterone do ?
Stimulate Sertoli cells and Spermatogenesis.
33
Spermatogonia
Stem cells that divide mitotically to produce primary spermatocyte, and spermatogonium.
34
Oogenesis occurs in _____ places: ______
1. Two
2. Ovary and fallopian tubes
35
_______ is released into the uterine duct during ovulation
Secondary oocyte that is arrested in metaphase 2
36
Meiosis 2 is only completed for the secondary oocyte when ______ occurs.
Fertilization
37
Oogenic cells
1. Primordial germ cells
2. Oogonium
3. Primary oocyte
4. Secondary oocyte
5. Ootid
6. Mature ovum
7. Primary polar body
8. Secondary polar body
38
Oogenesis process
1. During foetal development, primordial germ cells divide by mitosis to give rise to oogonium.
2. Oogonium undergoes asymmetrical division to form a oogonium and a primary oocyte.
3. Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis cell division, but it is halted at prophase 1.
4. When puberty hits,primary oocyte finishes meiosis one and form secondary oocyte, and a primary polar body.
5. Secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis cell division but it is arrested at metaphase 2.
6. Ovulation occurs.
7. If a sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, it finishes meiosis 2 and forms a ootid and a secondary polar body.
8. The ootid undergoes rapid maturation and forms the ovum.
39
Ovum is considered as ____ n. (Diploid or haploid)
1. Primordial germ cells migrate to the developing ovary of a fetus
2. They divide my mitosis into oogonia which is surrounded by a primordial follicle.
3. Oogonia divides by mitosis into primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis 1 and arrested at prophase 1.
4. From this point, the follicle develops, but the primary oocyte’s growth is stagnant until puberty.
5. The follicle turns from a primordial follicle, into a primary follicle, then a secondary follicle.
6. When puberty hits, LH surges, the primary oocyte finishes meiosis 1 and turn into secondary meiosis which is arrested at metaphase 2.
7. When it happens, the follicle also grows into a tertiary follicle (Antral follicle or Graafian follicle).
8. LH causes ovulation, the follicle ruptures, and it releases the oocyte surrounded by the corona radiata (granulosa cells) into the uterine tube.
9. The remaining follicle is called the corpus luteum.
40
All follicle names
1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Tertiary follicle (Antral, Graafian)
5. Corpus luteum
6. Corpus albinal
41
Folliculogenesis process
1. Primordial germ cells migrate to the developing ovary of a fetus
2. They divide my mitosis into oogonia which is surrounded by a primordial follicle.
3. Oogonia divides by mitosis into primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis 1 and arrested at prophase 1.
4. From this point, the follicle develops, but the primary oocyte’s growth is stagnant until puberty.
5. The follicle turns from a primordial follicle, into a primary follicle, then a secondary follicle.
6. When puberty hits, LH surges, the primary oocyte finishes meiosis 1 and turn into secondary meiosis which is arrested at metaphase 2.
7. When it happens, the follicle also grows into a tertiary follicle (Antral follicle or Graafian follicle).
8. LH causes ovulation, and it releases the oocyte surrounded by the corona into the uterine tube
42
Primordial follicle structure and function
1. A single layer of squamous cells
2. Contains primary oocyte
43
Primary follicle structure and function
1. Contains a primary oocyte
2. Contains a single layer of cuboidal cells called granulosa cells
3. Granulosa cells have FSH receptors which respond to FSH by growing, and they have aromatase enzymes
44
Secondary follicle structure and function
1. Houses a primary oocyte
2. Multiple layer of granulosa cells
3. Contains FSH receptors
4. Contains theca cells which respond to LH by producing testosterone
5. The aromatase enzyme produced by granulosa cells convert test into estradiol
6. Antrum starts to form
45
What cells produce testosterone in female?
Theca cells
46
Which cells respond to LH in female?
Theca cells
47
What cells respond to FSH?
Granulosa cells
48
Graafian follicle’s other names, structure and function
Antral follicle or tertiary follicle
1. Houses secondary oocyte
2. Contains antrum (fluid filled cavity)
3. Contains theca cells which respond to LH by producing testosterone
4. Multiple layers of granulosa cells respond to FSH, and produce aromatase enzymes
49
Corpus luteum’s function
1. Produce progesterone until the placenta can take over
2. No oocyte
3. Multiple layers of lutein cells
4. Produce inhibin to inhibit FSH and LH
5. Degenerates into corpus albicans if no fertilization take place
50
Embryogenesis
. Secondary oocyte is fertilized, zona pellucida prevents another sperm from penetrating.
. Meiosis 2 finishes and mature ovum is formed.
. Pro nuclei of sperm and ovum fuse forming a zygote.
. The zygote travels down the fallopian tube, and cleavage (division without growth) occurs, which turn the zygote into a morula (16-32 cells).
. Compaction and differentiation occur. The outer layer is called trophoblast, and the inner layer is called embryoblast.
. Blastulation occurs forming a cavity called blastocoel, the zona pellucida disappears, and the inner cell mass now consists of epiblasts and hypoblasts.
. Implantation occurs.
. Gastrulation occurs, forming three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
. Neurulation occurs forming a neural tube in the mesoderm.
. Organogenesis, and morphogenesis occur.
51
Embryogenesis outline processes
1. Fertilization
2. Cleavage (Morula)
3. Compaction
4. Differentiation
5. Blastulation (Blastocyst)
6. Implantation
7. Gastrulation (3 Germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) (Gastrula)
8. Neurulation
9. Organogenesis
10. Morphogenesis
