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IMAT Biology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary tissue types

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscular tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Epithelial tissue
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2
Q

Tissue component

A
  1. Cells
  2. Extracellular matrix
  3. Other components (Vessels, nerves, and other specialized structures)
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3
Q

Surfaces of epithelial cells

A
  1. Apical surface
    . Function: secretion, absorption, filtration, protection, sensing
    . Can be ciliated, or keratinized. can have microvilli
  2. Basal surface
    . Function: anchors the cell, nutrient exchange
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4
Q

What is the ECM of epithelial tissues, and what are the components of the ECM?

A

Basement membrane
. Basal lamina
. Reticular lamina
Made from collagen, other proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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5
Q

Every ECM contains ______

A

Collagen

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6
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A

Structure
Regenerative ability
Stability
Regulation of the behavior, and differentiation of epithelial cells.

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7
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

It is avascular

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8
Q

Is epithelial tissue innervated?

A

Yes, it is.

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9
Q

Cell junctions in the epithelial tissues

A
  1. Desmosome (Connect to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton)
  2. Tight junction (fluid tight seal)
  3. Gap junction (ions communication)
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10
Q

The _____ layer of the skin contains epithelial tissue.

A

Epidermis

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11
Q

Types of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Exterior
  2. Interior
  3. Glandular
  4. Endothelia
  5. Mesothelia
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12
Q

Epithelial cell types

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified squamous
  5. Stratified cuboidal
  6. Stratified columnar
  7. Pseudo stratified columnar
  8. Transitional
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13
Q

Simple squamous epithelia function and areas where they are found.

A

. Rapid and efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products due to large SA to V ratio
. Act as a barrier to prevent loss of fluid and electrolytes
. Secretion of lubricating substances
Location: endothelium, endocardium, alveoli, pleura cavity

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14
Q

Simple cuboidal function and regions of the body where they are found

A

. Secretion and absorption
. Glands, and ducts, kidney tubules

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15
Q

Simple columnar epithelia function and regions

A

. Secretion and absorption
. Often ciliated
. Bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus, digestive tract, bladder.

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16
Q

Stratified squamous function and regions

A

. Protection from water loss, abrasion, and friction
. Can be Keratinized
. Vagina, mouth, esophagus, skin.

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17
Q

Pseudostratified columnar function and regions

A

Function
. Secretion of mucus
. Often ciliated
Regions
. Respiratory tract
. Trachea

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18
Q

Stratified cuboidal function and regions

A

. Protection
. Rare but found in certain glands

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19
Q

Stratified columnar function and regions

A

. Protection
. Rare but found in certain glands, and male urethra

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20
Q

Transitional epithelia function and regions

A

. This is a stratified epithelia although not stated in the name
. Allows for stretching
. Bladder, urethra, and ureters

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21
Q

Connective tissue types

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Bone
  3. Cartilage
  4. Blood
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22
Q

All types of connective tissue have a ______ origin

A

Mesenchymal

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23
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

A loosely organized embryonic stem cells that give rise to connective tissue.

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24
Q

Connective tissue ECM components

A
  1. Ground substance -made from interstitial fluid, proteins, and proteoglycans- r
  2. Fibers
    . Collagen
    . Elastic
    . Reticular
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25
Collagen structure
Three polypeptides in a triple helix structure
26
Reticular fiber function in the ECM of the connective tissue
. Provide structural support . Anchoring site for cells . Made from a different type of collage than the collagen fiber
27
_________ create the extracellular matrix for the connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
28
What is the name of the precursor cell for all types of blood cell?
Hematopoietic stem cell
29
Connective tissue proper types
Loose (Less fiber, less fibroblast, more ground substance) . Areolar . Adipose . Reticular Dense (More fiber, more fibroblast, less ground substance) . Elastic . Regular . Irregular
30
What is the most abundant type of connective tissue?
Loose areolar
31
______ connective tissue can be found in lymphatic organs
Loose reticular
32
Reticular connective tissue contains _____ fibers.
Reticular
33
Loose areolar connective tissue can be found in
Vessels, nerve bundles, muscles, and organs
34
Loose areolar connective tissue function
Support, flexibility, movement, and protection
35
Irregular dense connective tissue can be found in
Dermis, vessels, and organ capsules
36
Dense elastic connective tissue can be found in ________
Aorta, vocal chords, dermis
37
Is cartilage innervated? Is cartilage vascular?
No, cartilage is neither vascular nor innervated.
38
The ECM of cartilage tissue is created by ___________
Chondroblasts
39
Types of cartilage
. Hyaline cartilage . Fibrocartilage . Elastic cartilage
40
________ is the most common type of cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
41
Hyaline cartilage structure and components
. Smooth glass- like structure that reduces friction between bones . Chondrocytes, collagen, and proteoglycans
42
Fibrocartilage’s defining trait, components and regions where it can be found in
. The best type at absorbing shock and resisting compression. . Chondrocytes, collagen and elastic fibers . Intervertebral discs and knee joints
43
Where can elastic cartilage be found in?
Tip of the nose, pinna and epiglottis
44
Bone tissue components
1. Osteocytes 2. Osteoid: ground substance plus collagen fibers 3. Inorganic: hydroxyapatite (mainly made of calcium and phosphate) ** ECM is made of ground substance, collagen fibers, and inorganic calcium salts **
45
Is bone innervated?
Yes
46
Is bone tissue vascular?
Yes
47
What are the organic components of bone tissue?
Osteocytes Osteoid: collagen fibers, and ground substance (interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, etc)
48
What is the inorganic part of a bone tissue?
Inorganic salt: hydroxyapatite (mainly made of calcium and phosphate)
49
What is the ECM of bone tissue made of?
Collagen fibers Ground substance Inorganic salts
50
what is the term to describe blood cell synthesis?
Hematopoiesis
51
Two bone marrow types and their function
Red marrow - hematopoiesis Yellow marrow - fat storage
52
Two types of bone tissue
1. Compact bone (function unit: osteon) . Periosteum . Endosteum 2. Spongy bone . Contains bone marrow
53
What are the other names for spongy bone ?
Cancellous bone, trabecular bone
54
Types of bone
1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesmoid 6. Sutural
55
All bone types except the long bone follow this structure
Short, irregular, flat, sesamoid, sutural bones have thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone, and no well defined space for cavity
56
The middle shaft of the long bone is called ________ And depict the structure
Diaphysis . Composed of compact bone . The medullary cavity contains yellow marrow to store fat
57
Ends of long bones are called ______
Epiphysis . Spongy bone inside covered by compact bone on outside . Cavities of spongy bone contain red marrow
58
The compact bone is also called _______
Cortical bone
59
Compact bone’s functional unit
Osteon
60
Osteon components
. Lacunae houses osteocytes . Lacunae are arranged in circular rings called lamellae around the Haversian canal . Lacunaes are connected by canaliculi
61
Different bone cell types
Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Osteocytes Osteoclast
62
Where is osteogenic cell found in?
Periosteum and endosteum
63
Osteogenic cells are ______ cells
Stem
64
What is Osteogenic cells’ function?
It is important for the bone to grow, develop, and maintain itself. It turns into osteoblasts.
65
Where is osteoblast found?
Periosteum and endosteum
66
What do osteoblasts do?
They secrete ECM, and they become osteocytes when surrounded by ECM.
67
Where are osteocytes found ?
Lacunae (Osteon)
68
What do osteocytes do?
They regulate bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. They detect mechanical loading, monitor and maintain the ECM by secreting molecules that interact with osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
69
Is osteocyte mitotically active?
No
70
Where are osteoclasts found in?
They are found in resorption bays called howship’s lacunae.
71
Is osteoclast multinucleated or uninucleated?
Multinucleated
72
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down (resorption) to release minerals
73
What is the ECM of blood?
Plasma
74
Cells of blood
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Hematopoietic stem cells
75
Muscle tissue components
1. Myocyte (Muscle fiber or muscle cell) 2. ECM: collagen fibers, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans 3. Blood vessels, and nerves
76
How many muscles in human body?
Over 600
77
What is the precursor cell of myocyte?
Myoblast
78
How are myocytes formed?
The fusion of many myoblasts.
79
How many pairs of cranial nerve in human body?
12
80
How many pairs of spinal nerves in human body?
31
81
Nervous tissue components
1. Cells: neurons and glial cells 2. ECM: proteoglycans, collagen, glycoproteins, interstitial fluid and growth factors
82
What is a nerve?
A nerve is a bundle of many axons with supporting glial cells in peripheral nervous system. It is called a nerve tract in the central nervous system.
83
What is a ganglia?
A ganglia is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system, which integrates impulses. It is called a nuclei in the central nervous system.

IMAT Biology (18 decks)

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