Immune system 2 -- Lecture 26

Question 1

antigens contain one or more ___ that are the focus of an adaptive immune system

Answer 1

epitopes

Question 2

how does the adaptive immune system attack epitopes?

antibodies bind to ___

Answer 2

epitopes

Question 3

how does the adaptive immune system attack epitopes?

antibodies (definition)

Answer 3

proteins made by cells of the adaptive immune system

Question 4

how does the adaptive immune system attack epitopes?

antibodies mark ___

Answer 4

antigens for destruction

Question 5

how does the adaptive immune system attack epitopes?

___ bind to epitopes

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

antibody structure:

tetramer (definition)

Answer 6

2 light and 2 heavy chain proteins held together by disulfide bridges

Question 7

antibody structure:

variable regions of the antibody:

bind to ___

could be any of 1X10^10 combinations of ___

Answer 7

bind to epitopes

amino acids

Question 8

antibody structure:

constant (invariable) regions of the antibody:

are recognized by ___

Answer 8

phagocytes

Question 9

antibody structure:

antibodies can circulate freely or be attached to the membrane of an ___

Answer 9

immune cell

Question 10

antibody function:

do antibodies kill pathogens?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

antibody function:

the ___ of antibodies to a pathogen ___ that pathogen for destruction by ___

Answer 11

binding

marks

phagocytes

Question 12

antibody function:

1) the ___ regions of antibodies bind to epitopes on pathogens

Answer 12

variable

Question 13

antibody function:

2) ___ on phagocytes bind to the ___ regions of the antibodies

Answer 13

receptors

constant regions

Question 14

antibody function:

3) phagocytosis (what occurs)

Answer 14

the pathogen is engulfed and destroyed

Question 15

antibody function:

the binding of antibodies to pathogens also blocks them from entering into ___ and ___

Answer 15

cells and tissues

Question 16

cells of the adaptive immune system:

B cells (what do they do)

Answer 16

make antibodies

activate other cells of the immune system

Question 17

cells of the adaptive immune system:

T cells (what do they do)

Answer 17

activate other immune cells

can recognize and kill cells of the body infected w/ pathogens

Question 18

B cell activation:

how does a B cell become activated?

Answer 18

when a circulating B cell’s attached antibody binds to an epitope

Question 19

B cell activation:

after a B cells activates, it begins:

Answer 19

1) producing and secreting more of its antibody into circulation
2) diving (clonal expansion)
3) activating other cells of the immune system

Question 20

2 kids of adaptive immune responses:

the 1st encounter w/ a foreign antigen is called the ___

Answer 20

primary immune response

Question 21

2 kids of adaptive immune responses:

primary immune response:

Answer 21

only a few B cells present whose antibodies can recognize the epitopes present on the new pathogen and become activated (slow response)

Memory B cells remain in large numbers after the infection is over

Question 22

2 kids of adaptive immune responses:

the 2nd encounter w/ an antigen is called the ___

Answer 22

secondary immune response

Question 23

2 kids of adaptive immune responses:

secondary immune response:

Answer 23

this time numerous memory B cells are present that can quickly produce the proper antibodies

this immune response is faster and more effective

Question 24

vaccines:

vaccinations (what are they)

Answer 24

when antigens from a pathogen are safely introduced into the body (usually by injection)

Question 25

vaccines:

vaccinations cause a ___ immune response leading to the production of ___ ___ cells

Answer 25

primary immune response

‘memory’ B cells

Question 26

vaccines:

when exposed to that pathogen in nature (because of the ___ response to the vaccinations), numerous memory B cells exist that can quickly respond to the pathogen (much faster ___ immune response)

Answer 26

primary

secondary

Question 27

booster vaccinations:

vaccines may not produce enough ___ to give ___

Answer 27

memory B cells

life-long immunity

Question 28

booster vaccinations:

may need occasional ___ vaccination

examples:

Answer 28

booster

tetanus and diphtheria – every 10 years

Question 29

booster vaccinations:

there are various medical conditions associated with a ___

Answer 29

malfunctioning immune system

Question 30

autoimmune diseases:

immunological tolerance (what is it)

Answer 30

not attacking self-antigens by the immune system

Question 31

autoimmune diseases:

negative selection (what is it)

Answer 31

immune cells that react against self antigens are killed during development

Question 32

autoimmune diseases:

many autoimmune diseases are caused when ___ immune cells evade negative selection

Answer 32

autoreactive immune cells evade negative selection

Question 33

autoimmune diseases cause ___

examples

treated w/

Answer 33

inflammation and organ damage

MS, Type I diabetes

immunosuppressive medications

Question 34

allergies:

refers to a…

Answer 34

greatly heightened immune response to an antigen (allergen)

Question 35

allergies:

allergens can be…

Answer 35

foods, medicines, pollen, pet dander, etc.

Question 36

allergies:

allergic reactions can be mild or progress to…

Answer 36

systemic anaphylaxis – a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction

Question 37

evading the immune system:

to evade the host immune system:

Answer 37

antigen switching

antigenic drift

Question 38

evading the immune system:

to evade the host immune system:

antigen switching

Answer 38

pathogens can change their surface antigens

Question 39

evading the immune system:

to evade the host immune system:

antigenic drift

Answer 39

through mutation during replication, viruses can alter the epitopes on their surface antigens