Cell-Cell Signaling -- Lecture 18

Question 1

parental conflict theory:

___ in sperm and egg favor opposing agendas

Answer 1

epigenetic patterns

Question 2

parental conflict theory:

a ___ is critical to the offspring

Answer 2

balance

Question 3

how cells communicate:

cells that are ___ put out ligands

Answer 3

talking

Question 4

how cells communicate:

cells that are talking put out ___

Answer 4

ligands

Question 5

how cells communicate:

ligands are ___

Answer 5

signaling molecules

Question 6

how cells communicate:

___ are signaling molecules

Answer 6

ligands

Question 7

how cells communicate:

cells that are listening have a ___

Answer 7

receptor

Question 8

how cells communicate:

cells that are ___ have a receptor

Answer 8

listening

Question 9

how cells communicate:

what is the receptor?

Answer 9

receptor is the part of the listening cell that the ligand attaches to

Question 10

how cells communicate:

ligand/receptor complex

Answer 10

transduces a signal into the cell

Question 11

signal transduction leads to a ___

Answer 11

cellular response

Question 12

___ leads to a cellular response

Answer 12

signal transduction

Question 13

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

ligand/receptor complex ___ the signal into the cell

Answer 13

transduces (transmits)

Question 14

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

___ transduces (transmits) the signal into the cell

Answer 14

ligand/receptor complex

Question 15

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

some examples of types of cellular responses:

Answer 15

altered metabolism

altered gene expression

altered cell shape or motility

Question 16

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

the responding cell is called the ___

Answer 16

target cell

Question 17

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

the ___ is called the target cell

Answer 17

responding cell

Question 18

target cells vs. non-target cells:

does every cell respond to every signal? Explain.

Answer 18

no; only cells w/ the proper receptor will respond to a particular ligand

Question 19

target cells vs. non-target cells:

target cells have a ___ to receive a ___ to create a ___

Answer 19

receptor

ligand

response

Question 20

target cells vs. non-target cells:

non-target cells don’t have a ___ to receive a ___, so they will have ___

Answer 20

no receptor

ligand

no response

Question 21

categories of cell signaling:

there are ___ types of cell signaling

Answer 21

5

Question 22

categories of cell signaling:

categories are based on:

Answer 22

the distance b/n the cells that are communicating

the type of cells that are communicating

Question 23

categories of cell signaling:

autocrine signaling (what is it and examples)

Answer 23

cell signaling to itself

ex.

immune cells – can amplify their own response to infection and injuries

cancer cells – can stimulate their own growth and mobility

Question 24

categories of cell signaling:

direct cell-to-cell contact can be found in 2 ways:

Answer 24

direct contact b/n surface ligand/surface receptor

direct transmission of ligands thru gap junctions b/n cells

Question 25

categories of cell signaling: direct cell-to-cell contact (examples)

Answer 25

cell-cell interactions play a role during embryonic development and wound healing

Question 26

categories of cell signaling: paracrine signaling (definition and example)

Answer 26

cells signaling to nearby cells ex. embryonic development -- development of the spinal cord

Question 27

categories of cell signaling: endocrine signaling (definition and example)

Answer 27

systematic (organism wide) signaling via the circulatory system ex. hormones -- released into the blood stream. Stimulate development and maintenance of the reproductive system

Question 28

categories of cell signaling: synaptic signaling (definition and example)

Answer 28

signal by a nerve cell thru a synapse to another nerve cell or a responding cell ex. neurotransmitters -- signaling molecules sent from a nerve cell to another nerve cell or a responding cell (such as a muscle cell)

Question 29

types of signaling molecules (ligands): non-circulating ligands (examples)

Answer 29

membrane-bound ligands ligands that pass thru gap junctions

Question 30

types of signaling molecules (ligands): circulating ligands (definition and components)

Answer 30

circulate thru the blood or other bodily fluids ``` non polar (hydrophobic) polar (hydrophilic ligands) ```

Question 31

hydrophobic ligands: example

Answer 31

hormones: can diffuse across the plasma membrane hydrophobic ligands bind to intracellular receptors intracellular receptors transmit the signal cell responds

Question 32

hydrophilic ligands: are ___ and cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane

Answer 32

polar

Question 33

hydrophilic ligands: are polar and ___

Answer 33

cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane

Question 34

hydrophilic ligands: must bind to ___ which have 3 protein domains

Answer 34

membrane bound receptors

Question 35

hydrophilic ligands: 3 protein domains of membrane bound receptors

Answer 35

1) extracellular ligand binding domain (binds to ligand) 2) transmembrane domain (goes thru the plasma membrane) 3) intracellular signaling domain (transduces the signal)

Question 36

pharmaceuticals: many drugs ___ receptors

Answer 36

target (bind to)

Question 37

pharmaceuticals: many drugs target (bind to) ___

Answer 37

receptors

Question 38

pharmaceuticals: the drugs can be ___ or antagonists

Answer 38

agonists

Question 39

pharmaceuticals: the drugs can be agonists or ___

Answer 39

antagonists

Question 40

pharmaceuticals: agonists (do what?)

Answer 40

mimics the action of ligand (activates receptor)

Question 41

pharmaceuticals: antagonists (do what?)

Answer 41

bind to, but not activate a receptor they block ligands from binding to the receptor

Question 42

pharmaceuticals: examples of an agonist

Answer 42

drugs that activate the opioid receptor

Question 43

naloxone/narcan is an ___

Answer 43

opioid receptor antagonist

Question 44

naloxone/narcan (what does it do)

Answer 44

outcompetes agonists for binding to the opioid receptor blocks the effects of drugs such as heroine and other opioid receptor agonists

Question 45

other medical uses for receptor antagonists: antihistamines (what do they do)

Answer 45

block the activity of histamine receptors to lessen the immune response

Question 46

other medical uses for receptor antagonists: beta blockers (what do they do)

Answer 46

block some receptor sites for adrenaline to control blood pressure

Question 47

other medical uses for receptor antagonists: in cancer therapy (what do they do)

Answer 47

many cancer therapy drugs that block receptors important to cancer cell growth and metastasis