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a BIO 111 > Lab -- echinoderm/frog/chicken development lab > Flashcards

Lab -- echinoderm/frog/chicken development lab Flashcards

1
Q

fertilization is thought to be the….

A

the start of development

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2
Q

fertilization is a necessary trigger for

A

for the continued development o fan oocyte into a complete organism

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3
Q

fertilization accomplishes two things:

1

A

1) activates the oocyte (or sometimes egg) so that it goes on to complete its development

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4
Q

fertilization accomplishes two things:

2

A

2) provides the means by which the haploid set of chromosomes of the sperm joins the haploid set of chromosomes of the egg –>

restores the diploid condition –>

makes a brand new, unique combination of genes in the individual that develops from the zygote that is created

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5
Q

examples of echinoderms

A

starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber

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6
Q

fertilization in echinoderms

A

fertilization membrane lifts off surface of egg soon after the first sperm makes contact

membrane is 1 mechanism that prevents polyspermy

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7
Q

polyspermy

A

entrance of more than 1 sperm into the egg

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8
Q

fertilization membrane

A

long-term mechanical barrier that helps to ensure that the zygote will be diploid and not triploid, tetraploid, or whatever

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9
Q

while the membrane is being constructed…

A

a rapid and short-term electrical block to polyspermy protects the just-fertilized egg

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10
Q

nature’s role in preventing polyspermy in echinoderm fertilization

A

wild echinoderms release gametes into water –> water dilute egg and sperm –> lowers chance that more than 1 sperm will fertilize a single egg

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11
Q

echinoderm development:

flagella

A

allow sperm to move

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12
Q

echinoderm development:

what causes beginning of lifting of the fertilization membrane off the surface of the egg?

A

sperm makes contact on surface of egg –> blister forms and encompasses the whole egg

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13
Q

echinoderm development:

when completely raised off, the fertilization membrane will be ___ with the egg’s surface

A

concentric

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14
Q

echinoderm development:

when completely raised off, the fertilization membrane will be concentric with the ___

A

egg’s surface

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15
Q

echinoderm development:

what happens after sperm head migrates into egg’s cytoplasm?

A

sperm head enters egg’s cytoplasm ands begins to swell –> becomes male pronucleus

male pronucleus migrates toward female pronucleus

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16
Q

echinoderm development:

egg nucleus is called…

A

female pronucleus

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17
Q

echinoderm development:

what happens as male pronucleus migrates toward female pronucleus?

A

synthesis of DNA –> results in formation of a new chromatid for each of the chromosomes in the male and female pronuclei

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18
Q

echinoderm development:

male pronucleus fuses w/ female pronucleus…

A

forms zygote nucleus that contains a diploid # of chromosomes

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19
Q

echinoderm development:

as zygote forms and becomes embryo

A

tremendous increase in rate of biosynthetic activity in zygote

DNA synthesis

burst of RNA synthesis and protein synthesis

first cleavage in zygote

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20
Q

echinoderm development:

cleavage in the sea urchin is ___. This means….

A

holoblastic –> cleavage furrows cut completely and quickly thru the embryo

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21
Q

echinoderm development:

echinoderm egg characteristics

A

little or no you

has polarity

nucleus is offset towards animal pole and away from vegetal pole

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22
Q

echinoderm development:

after fertilization…

A

because there is so little yolk –> the cleavage of echinoderm zygotes is fairly rapid and complete

23
Q

echinoderm development:

first cleavage in echinoderms is ___, beginning at the ___ and progressing to the ____

A

vertical

animal pole

vegetal pole

24
Q

echinoderm development:

blastomere

A

side-by-side units

25
Q

echinoderm development:

morula

A

what the embryo is called after formation of 16 blastomeres

26
Q

echinoderm development:

what is produced after 1st cleavage?

A

2 blastomeres

27
Q

echinoderm development:

what is produced after 2nd cleavage?

A

4 blastomeres

28
Q

echinoderm development:

what is produced after 3rd cleavage?

A

8 blastomeres

29
Q

echinoderm development:

what is produced after 4th cleavage?

A

16 blastomeres

30
Q

echinoderm development:

cell division in cleavage vs. ordinary cell division

A

normal cell division – cells grow as they divide

cleavage – there is no cell growth w/ division –> that cell size decreases as cleavage progresses

31
Q

echinoderm development:

large volume of the zygote is progressively cut up –> produces a ball of cells of ___ size

A

fairly normal

32
Q

echinoderm development:

large volume of the zygote is progressively ___ –> produces a ball of cells of fairly normal size

A

cut up

33
Q

echinoderm development:

eventually, the ball of cells forms a cavity, the ___, thereby becoming a ___

A

blastocoel

blastula

34
Q

echinoderm development:

gastrulation (beginning stage)

A

a few cells of the vegetal plate (mesenchyme cells) detach and migrate into the interior of the embryo

35
Q

echinoderm development:

primary mesenchyme cells are….

A

mesoderm cells that will form the skeleton of the larva that ultimately develops

36
Q

echinoderm development:

gastrulation (later stage)

A

vegetal plate buckles inwards and extends itself into the interior of the embryo –> forms the endoderm that becomes the primitive gut (archenteron)

ectoderm is left on the outside to develop into the outer regions of the larva that is developing

37
Q

echinoderm development:

echinoderm archenteron makes its way into the interior of the embryo –> curves to contact the sidewall of the gastrula and ultimately breaks thru at that point to form the ___

A

oral opening (mouth)

38
Q

echinoderm development:

echinoderm archenteron makes its way into the interior of the embryo –> curves to contact the sidewall of the ___ and ultimately breaks thru at that point to form the oral opening (mouth)

A

gastrula

39
Q

echinoderm development:

the ___, the original opening of the gastrula, becomes the anus of the larva that now is developing

A

blastopore

40
Q

echinoderm development:

the blastopore, the ____ of the gastrula, becomes the anus of the larva that now is developing

A

original opening

41
Q

echinoderm development:

echinoderms are classified as ___

A

deuterostomes

42
Q

echinoderm development:

what is the difference b/n an oocyte and an egg?

A

an oocyte becomes an egg when meiosis is complete

43
Q

echinoderm development:

what is the difference b/n an egg and a zygote?

A

an egg becomes a zygote when fertilization is complete (that is, when the haploid sperm and egg nuclei fuse to become 1 diploid nucleus)

44
Q

frog/chicken development:

echinoderms develop from eggs that have ___ yolk

A

very little

45
Q

frog/chicken development:

amphibians develop from eggs that have ___ yolk

A

a moderate amount of

46
Q

frog/chicken development:

birds develop from eggs that have ___ yolk

A

huge amounts of yolk

47
Q

frog/chicken development:

amount of yolk in an egg influences considerably the way….

A

early development progresses, particularly w/ respect to cleavage patterns and to morphogenesis

48
Q

amphibian development:

amphibian eggs have considerably more yolk than ___ eggs

A

echinoderm

49
Q

amphibian development:

yolk in amphibian eggs are ___ and ___ in the ___ than in the ___

A

more dense and more concentrated in the vegetal hemisphere than in the animal hemisphere

50
Q

amphibian development:

in amphibians, there is an ___ of yolk

A

animal-vegetal polarization

51
Q

amphibian development:

externally, most amphibian eggs also have a pigmented animal half and a non-pigmented vegetal half, a further manifestation of the egg’s ___

A

animal-vegetal polarity

52
Q

amphibian development:

externally, most ___ eggs also have a ___ half and a ___ half, a further manifestation of the egg’s animal-vegetal polarity

A

amphibian

pigmented animal

non-pigmented vegetal

53
Q

amphibian development:

after fertilization, there is a shift in the animal hemisphere pigment so that a crescent of grayish hue, the ___, is formed at what will ultimately be the dorsal region of the embryo

A

gray crescent

a BIO 111 (32 decks)

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