Eukaryotic cell cycle -- Lecture 3

Question 1

eukaryotic chromosomes:

chromosomes (definition)

Answer 1

condensed molecules of DNA associated w/ proteins

a chromosome contains a particular set of genes

Question 2

eukaryotic chromosomes:

centromere

Answer 2

area of repetitive DNA sequence

Question 3

eukaryotic chromosomes:

___ hold sister chromatids together at centromere

Answer 3

cohesion proteins

Question 4

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, ___ attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid

Answer 4

2 types of proteins

Question 5

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the ___ of each sister chromatid

Answer 5

centromere

Question 6

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the centromere of each ___

Answer 6

sister chromatid

Question 7

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to centromere of each sister chromatid:

Answer 7

cohesion proteins

kinetochore proteins

Question 8

chromosome terminology:

cohesion proteins (what do they do)

Answer 8

hold the sister chromatids together after DNA replication (inner part of the centromeres)

Question 9

chromosome terminology:

kinetochore proteins (what are they)

Answer 9

site of microtubule attachment during cell division (outer part of centromeres)

Question 10

chromosome terminology:

telomeres (definition)

Answer 10

repetitive sequences of DNA that protect and stabilize the ENDS of chromosomes

Question 11

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell divides, the telomeres become ___

Answer 11

shorter

Question 12

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a ___ divides, the telomeres become shorter

Answer 12

cell

Question 13

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell divides, the ___ become shorter

Answer 13

telomeres

Question 14

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell ___, the telomeres become shorter

Answer 14

divides

Question 15

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer ___

Answer 15

divide

Question 16

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the ___ become too short, the cell can no longer divide

Answer 16

telomeres

Question 17

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too ___, the cell can no longer divide

Answer 17

short

Question 18

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too short, the ___ can no longer divide

Answer 18

cell

Question 19

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

telomere length can be maintained by the enzyme ___

Answer 19

telomerase

Question 20

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

___ length can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase

Answer 20

telomere

Question 21

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

telomere ___ can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase

Answer 21

length

Question 22

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

most cells in the body stop producing ___ after embryonic development

Answer 22

telomerase

Question 23

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

most cells in the body stop producing telomerase after ___

Answer 23

embryonic development

Question 24

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

in ~90% of human cancers, ___ has been reactivated

Answer 24

telomerase

Question 25

chromosome terminology: telomeres: in ~90% of ___, telomerase production has been reactivated

Answer 25

human cancers

Question 26

chromosome terminology: telomeres: in ___ of human cancers, telomerase production has been reactivated

Answer 26

~90%

Question 27

chromosome terminology: telomeres: in ~90% of human cancers, telomerase production has been ___

Answer 27

reactivated

Question 28

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: each human cell contains ~2 meters of ___

Answer 28

DNA

Question 29

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: each ___ contains ~2 meters of DNA

Answer 29

human cell

Question 30

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: each human cell contains ___ of DNA

Answer 30

~2 meters

Question 31

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ___ in diameter

Answer 31

~6 micrometers

Question 32

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: the nucleus of a ___, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

Answer 32

human cell

Question 33

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: the ___ of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

Answer 33

nucleus

Question 34

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells: the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the ___, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

Answer 34

DNA

Question 35

chromosomal DNA compaction: DNA (charge)

Answer 35

- charge

Question 36

chromosomal DNA compaction: histone proteins (charge)

Answer 36

+ charge

Question 37

chromosomal DNA compaction: chromatin (definition)

Answer 37

chromosomal DNA associated w/ proteins

Question 38

chromosomal DNA compaction: nucleosome (definition)

Answer 38

basic unit of chromatin

Question 39

chromosomal DNA compaction: ___ bp of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

Answer 39

146

Question 40

chromosomal DNA compaction: the level of DNA compaction changes -- it's ___

Answer 40

dynamic

Question 41

chromosomal DNA compaction: how chromosome compacts

Answer 41

DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucelosomes nucleosomes coil into solenoids solenoids are compacted further into supercoils this is chromatin

Question 42

chromosomal DNA compaction: DNA wraps around ___ to form ___

Answer 42

histone proteins to form nucleosomes

Question 43

chromosomal DNA compaction: nucleosomes coil into ___

Answer 43

solenoids

Question 44

chromosomal DNA compaction: ___ coil into solenoids

Answer 44

nucleosomes

Question 45

chromosomal DNA compaction: solenoids are compacted further into ___

Answer 45

supercoils

Question 46

chromosomal DNA compaction: ___ are compacted further into supercoils

Answer 46

solenoids

Question 47

chromosomal DNA compaction: solenoids are ___ further into supercoils

Answer 47

compacted

Question 48

changing DNA compaction during cell division: non-dividing cells

Answer 48

lower level of DNA compaction individual chromosomes are not distinguishable

Question 49

changing DNA compaction during cell division: dividing cells

Answer 49

much higher level of DNA compaction individual chromosomes are distinguishable

Question 50

eukaryotic cell cycle: cell division in eukaryotes is under ___

Answer 50

strict genetic control

Question 51

eukaryotic cell cycle: ___ in eukaryotes is under strict genetic control

Answer 51

cell division

Question 52

eukaryotic cell cycle: cell division in ___ is under strict genetic control

Answer 52

eukaryotes

Question 53

eukaryotic cell cycle: 5 main phases:

Answer 53

1) G1 -- 1st gap phase (pre-DNA replication) 2) S -- for DNA synthesis = DNA replication 3) G2 -- 2nd gap phase (post-DNA replication); prepare for DNA segregation 4) M -- for Mitosis (or Meiosis); DNA is segregated 5) Cytokinesis -- division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

Question 54

phases of the cell cycle: G1, S, and G2 = ___

Answer 54

interphase

Question 55

phases of the cell cycle: interphase (what are its stages and explain)

Answer 55

G1, S, and G2 period b/n nuclear divisions

Question 56

phases of the cell cycle: mitosis + cytokinesis (common misperception)

Answer 56

sometimes collectively called "mitosis" but they are separate events

Question 57

phases of the cell cycle: the cell cycle is an ___ b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Answer 57

oscillation

Question 58

phases of the cell cycle: the ___ is an oscillation b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Answer 58

cell cycle

Question 59

phases of the cell cycle: the cell cycle is an oscillation b/n ___, ___, and ___

Answer 59

interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Question 60

phases of the cell cycle: G0

Answer 60

the cell is in a non-dividing state