Immunology

Question 1

Role of C3b

Answer 1

Opsonisation

Allows bacteria-phagocyte binding, particularly important for encapsulated and GNB

Question 2

Role of C3a and C5a

Answer 2

Chemotaxis
Recruit phagocytes
Degranulation of mast cells
Endothelial vasodilation and leakiness of blood vessels to allow neutrophils to enter tissue

Question 3

Role of IL-8

Answer 3

Released from APCs

Upregulating and recruiting neutrophils

Question 4

Role of TNF-alpha and IL-1

Answer 4

Release from APCs

Endothelial vasodilation and leakiness of blood vessels to allow neutrophils to enter tissue

Question 5

Role of C5b

Answer 5

Binds to C 6, 7, 8, 9 to form Membrane attack complex which leads to cytolysis

Question 6

Types of antibody that cannot activate classical complement pathway

Answer 6

IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 7

Signals that activate NK cells

Answer 7

Downregulation of MHC-1 molecules on target cell
Activating receptors on target cells
CD16 Fc receptors on IgG (antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)

Question 8

The alternative name of NK cell

Answer 8

Large granular lymphocyte

Question 9

HLA genes on chromosome

Answer 9

Class 1 region - MHC 1 - A, B, C, E
Class 2 region - MHC 2- DP, DQ, DR
Class 3 region - Complement C2 and C4, TNF, HSP70

Question 10

Cells that present MHC II

Answer 10

APCs

Question 11

Cells that present MHC I

Answer 11

All nucleated cells

Question 12

Signal 2 on Th Cell

Answer 12

CD 80/86 on APC binding to CD28 on naive T Cell

Leads to IL-2 production

Question 13

Cytokines made by TH1 cells

Answer 13

IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6

Question 14

Cytokines made by TH-2

Answer 14

IL-4, IL-5

Question 15

Cytokines made by TH-17

Answer 15

IL-17

Question 16

Pathogen target of TH-1

Answer 16

Intracellular microbes

Question 17

Pathogen target of TH-2

Answer 17

Helminth parasites

Question 18

Pathogen target of TH-17

Answer 18

Extracellular bacteria, fungi

Question 19

Cells with CD-40L

Answer 19

Activated effector T Cell

Question 20

CD5 surface marker

Answer 20

On B1 subset of B cells
Non memory cells
IgM on surface

Question 21

Antibody class that passes the placenta

Answer 21

IgG (1-4)

IgG2 least effective

Question 22

IgA in secretions structure

Answer 22

IgA2 - Dimer structure

Question 23

IgA in blood

Answer 23

IgA1

Question 24

Relative quantities of antibody subclasses in serum

Answer 24

IgG>IgA>IgM>IgD>IgE

Question 25

Relative complement binding efficiency of antibody subclasses in serum

Answer 25

IgM, IgG3 > IgG1 >IgG2

Question 26

High avidity low affinity antibody subclass

Answer 26

IgM

Question 27

Antibody in breast milk

Answer 27

IgA

Question 28

IL-1 (production and role)

Answer 28

Macrophages, fibroblasts Proliferation and activation T, B cells Induction of IL-6, IFN gamma, GM-CSF

Question 29

IL-2 (production and role)

Answer 29

Produced by T cells Growth of activated T calls, B cells, NK activation

Question 30

IL-3 (production and role)

Answer 30

Produced by T cells, macrophages Mast cell growth Differentiation of haematopeotic precursor cells

Question 31

IL-4 (production and role)

Answer 31

Produced by Th-2 cells, mast cells Isotype switching IgG1 -> IgE

Question 32

IL-5 (production and role)

Answer 32

Produced by Th-2 cells, mast cells IgM, IgA production eosinophil and activated B cell proliferation

Question 33

IL-6 (production and role)

Answer 33

Produced by macrophages, TH, mast cells, fibroblasts Induction of the acute phase proteins, growth and differentiation of haemopoetic cells

Question 34

GM-CSF

Answer 34

Produced by macrophages, T Cells, endothelium, mast cells Colony growth, activates macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 35

TNF-alpha

Answer 35

produced by macrophages, T Cells (Th-1) Activates macrophages, tumour cytotoxicity, cachexia

Question 36

TNF-Beta

Answer 36

Produced by CD-4 T Cells Induced acute phase reactants, antiviral and anti parasite activity

Question 37

INF-alpha

Answer 37

produced by leucocytes Antiviral Upregulates MHC-1

Question 38

INF-gamma

Answer 38

Produced by T Cells (Th1) Anti viral Upregulates HMC molecules Antagonises AL-4 effect

Question 39

Examples of T2 Hypersensitivity

Answer 39

Incompatible blood transfusions Hyperacute graft rejection Thyrotoxcosis

Question 40

monoclonal antibody to IL-6

Answer 40

Tociluzumab

Question 41

Activity of IL-6 on hepcidin

Answer 41

Leads to increase in hepcidin Decreased Fe absorption Decreased release of Fe into plasma, instead stored in ceels

Question 42

Role of IL-10

Answer 42

Regulatory | Antiinflammatory

Question 43

Vancomycin sensitivity reaction

Answer 43

Vanc directly degranulates mast cells Does not involve IgE Red Man Syndrome

Question 44

IgG4 disease histology

Answer 44

lymphoplasmacytic tissue infiltration | Storiform pattern fibrosis

Question 45

IgG4 syndrome manifestations

Answer 45

Pancreatitis Sclerosing cholangitis Lacrimal/parotid involvement

Question 46

Deficiencies which complement/s predispose to autoimmune conditions?

Answer 46

Early complement (C1-2, 4)

Question 47

Deficiencies which complement/s predispose to gram negative infections?

Answer 47

C3 - pneumococcal and h.influenzae | C5-9 - neisseria

Question 48

Main pathogenic driver in periodic fever syndromes

Answer 48

IL-1Beta

Question 49

Conjugate vaccine vs antigenic protein is bound to a polysaccharide antigen

Answer 49

Conjugate - activation of T-cells | Polysaccharide - activation only of B-cells

Question 50

Biosimilar drug

Answer 50

A drug that has the same properties as the reference innovator/biologic medicine

Question 51

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis - antibodies asscoiated?

Answer 51

immunoglobulin E (IgE) to omega-5 gliadin