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Nursing > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of lymphatic vessels

A

open ended
1 cell thick
flow reliant on pumps and valves

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2
Q

2 primary functions

A

1) maintain fluid balance

2) active role in immunity

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3
Q

problem with vessels

A

often results in oedema and being immunocompromised

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4
Q

composed of

A

lymph, nodes, lymphatic tissues

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5
Q

what are lacteals

A

specialised lymphatic groups located in the intestinal wall

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6
Q

lymph

A

mainly plasma water

  • lower percentage dissolved proteins (albumin) than plasma
  • higher protein in thoracic duct (from liver and SI)
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7
Q

tonsils

A

palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
1st line defence
contains T/B cells

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8
Q

thymus gland

A

regresses with age
- source of lymphocytes before birth
responsible for maturation of T cells

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9
Q

Spleen

A

defence→prod macrophages

  • haemotopoiesis (RBC prod) and erythropoiesis (WBC prod)
  • blood reservoir - stores platelets & prod RBC
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10
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • lymph filtered through nodes
  • defence → mechanical (trap pathogens) and biological (phagocytosis)
  • haematopoiesis
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11
Q

innate immunity

A

1st line: external mechanical/chemical

2nd line: internal: phagocytes, macrophages, WBC…

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12
Q

acquired immunity

A

3rd line
- natural/artificial
active→T/B cells
passive→AB prod outside body (transfer from mom to child)

Req 2 activating signals: specific antigens and chemicals

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13
Q

immediate vascular effects of inflammation

A

1) vessels constrict (decrease blood loss) → then dilate (increase BF to start healing)
2) blood becomes thicker
3) endothelial cells contract → increase permeability → release chemical mediators

4) leukocytes attracted via:
a) margination/pavementing
b) diapedesis (movement of WBC to surrounding tissues)
c) chemotaxis

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14
Q

granulocytes

A

1) neutrophil (1st line of response to insult)
2) eosinophils (active only in parasitic infections→too large to engulf)
3) basophils (secrete chemotatic factors for neutrophils - more involved in allergic reactions)

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15
Q

NK cells

A

larger granular lymphocytes

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16
Q

monocytes/macrophages

A

immature form of WBC→released by neutrophils

17
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

interacts with components of coagulation cascade

18
Q

kinins

A

released by damaged cells

- increased permeability activates nociceptors, induce chemotaxis of WBC

19
Q

histamine & PG

A

attracts neutrophils, activates nociceptors

20
Q

interferons

A

good against viruses

21
Q

c-reactive protein (CRP)

A

protein made by liver (result of TNF)

good of opsonisation

22
Q

clonal diversity

A

selection/differentiation into T/B cells

  • lymphoid SC goes to:
    1) thymus → T cells → spleen
    2) bone marrow → b cells → lymph nodes
  • both prod. Th cells
23
Q

T cells

A

prolif in thymus
antigen R on surface
- known as cell-mediated immunity

24
Q

cytotoxic T

A

target and destro foreign antigen

25
Q

helper T

A

stimulates cytokines → recruits B, cyto T, phagocytes, leukocytes

26
Q

T regulatory/suppressor

A

turn off immune response→restore homeostasis

27
Q

memory T

A

enables rapid attack against prev antigens

28
Q

B cells

A

naive B prod in bone marrow

  • AB on surface but not secreted
  • AB activated on encounter with Ag → rapid prolif of B → prod identical clones of AB → diff into effector and memory cells

known as humoral immunity → use AB to attack

29
Q

Complement cascade

A 
AB binds to AG
have specific conformation → enz cascade → breakdown 
1) mast cell degranulation
2) opsonisation
3) anaphylotoxins
4) recruitment/activation of neutrophils
5) increase vascular permeability
30
Q

Actions of AB

A 
neutralisation
agglutination
precipitation
complement activation
opsonisation
31
Q

IgA

A

in blood and body fluids

- protects GI, resp tracts

32
Q

IgD

A

low [] in blood

presented on cell surface R of B cells

33
Q

IgE

A

low [] in blood

mediate allergic reactions → mast cell degranulation

34
Q

IgG

A 
most abundant (80%)
main AB in 1o response and ESPECIALLY in 2o
crosses placenta (natural passive immunity)
35
Q

IgM

A

largest and 1st AB secreted after AG encounter
syn by immature B cells
produced in 1o response

  • decrease [] with increase [IgG]
36
Q

allergies

A

first exposure:
- allergen enters → increase IgE prod

subsequent:
- more allergen → combine with mast cell + IgE → degranulation → histamine

37
Q

ageing - infant

A

decrease AB, macrophage, activity

- breast milk → has AB

38
Q

ageing - elderly

A

decrease immune function

  • decrease T cells and AB response to AG
  • thymus shrinks, decrease ability to mediate T cell diff

Nursing (14 decks)

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