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Nursing > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the peripheral NS

A

somatic sensory
somatic motor
visceral sensory
visceral motor

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2
Q

neurons characterisitics

A
  • basic structural and functional unit
  • cell body (soma) → contains: nucleus/golgi/ER/mit
  • dendrites → relays info to cell body (telodendria - postsynaptic region releasing NT)
  • axons → nerve fibres that transmit electrical impulses
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3
Q

neuroganglia

A 
supportive structure (physically and metabolically) - 10:1 ratio to neurons 
- able to divide
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4
Q

astrocytes

A

CNS

  • hold and guide neurons during fetal brain dev
  • repair brain injury and neurotransmission
  • forms BBB (prevent entry of substances from blood to brain)
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5
Q

microglial cells

A
  • immune cell, dormant until activated

- via phagocytosis

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6
Q

ependymal cells

A

in ventricles → secretes CSF

  • cilia facilitates movement
  • acts as neuronal stem cells
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7
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

myelinated

- has phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

relationship b/w mutiple sclerosis and myelin

A

eroded myelin → slows impulse conduction → slows motor functions

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9
Q

cells in peripheral NS

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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10
Q

satellite cells

A

provide nutrients to cells

- surround neurons within ganglia → encompasses whole nerve fibres

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11
Q

schwann cells

A

are the oligodendrocyte in CNS

- myelinated → creates node of ranvier

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12
Q

saltatory conduction

A

myelinated conduction

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13
Q

nerve structure

A

axon → myelin sheath → endoneurium → fasicle → perineurium → epineurium

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14
Q

membrane potential

A

difference b/w charge inside (-70mV) and outside cell

- pump 3 Na out, 2 K in

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15
Q

steps of AP

A

1) stimuli from sensory cell → depol twd threshold
2) theshold reach → Na channel opens → depol
3) peak (+40mV) → K channel opens → repol
4) hyperpol (K leaves cells) → refractory period
5) K channel close → Na/K restore resting potential

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16
Q

what is impulse velocity dependent on

A

diameter of axon and myelination

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17
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  • functional connection b/w pre & post synaptic neuron

- AP travels to telodendria to release NT

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18
Q

gap junction

A

electrical synpases

- chemicals move from 1 cell directly to another

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19
Q

chemical synapse

A

NT moves to synaptic → release chemical → triggers next AP

- Ca influx required for NT exocytosis

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20
Q

CN1

A

olfactory

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21
Q

CN2

A

optic

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22
Q

CN3

A

oculomotor - constricts pupils and elevates eyelids

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23
Q

CN4

A

trochlear → controls SUP oblique → controls I-M eye movement

24
Q

CN6

A

abducent → LAT rectus → controls LAT eye movements

25
Q

CN5

A

trigeminal

  • V1 → opthalic
  • V2 → maxillary
  • V3 → mandibular
26
Q

CN7

A

facial - muscles

  • taste to ANT 2/3 tongue
  • lacrimal & sublingual glands
27
Q

CN8

A

vestibulocochlear

- hearing and balance

28
Q

CN9

A

glossopharyngeal

- sensory 1/3 POS taste

29
Q

CN10

A

vagus, THE autonomic nerve

30
Q

CN11

A

spinal accessory

- motor to SCM and upper trapezius

31
Q

CN12

A

hypoglossal

  • muscle to tongue
  • tongue points to direction of defective branch side
32
Q

structure of CNS

A

gray (cell bodies and dendrites in cortex)

white (axons underlie the cortex)

33
Q

tracts of CNS

A

bundle of axons

34
Q

CSF

A

1o formed by choroid plexus

- absorbed into venous blood through arachnoid villi (500ml/day)

35
Q

function of CSF

A
  • suspend and cushion brain
  • monitor changes in internal env
  • vehicle for distributing hormones throughout CNS
36
Q

BBB

A

regulate exchange of substances b/w blood and brain

  • continuous layer of endothelial cells joined by tight junctions
  • lipid soluble substances able to penetrate
  • is incomplete in newborn and premature infants (prone to brain infection
37
Q

brain stem

A

controls basic functions to maintain life (resp/cardiac/consciousness)
- pons + medulla oblongata + midbrain

38
Q

cerebellum

A

control fine motor movements (affected in parkinsons)

  • maintains equilibrium and posture
  • planning and coordination
39
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus → relay centre for all sensory pathway to cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

40
Q

cerebrum

A

4 lobes of the brain

41
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • 1o motor cortex → voluntary motor function
  • pre-motor cortex → coordinate of complex movement and eye movement
  • prefrontal cortex → personality, insight
42
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex → processing of sensations and proprioception

43
Q

temporal lobe

A

limbic association cortex and primary auditory cortex

- language comprehension

44
Q

wenicke’s aphasia

A

compromised ability to understand speech → speak fluently but no sense

45
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

loss of ability to produce language

46
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • 1o visual cortex → vision and coordination

- integration of all sensory input

47
Q

basal nuclei (ganglia)

A
  • contains limbic system → controls emotion

- relay point for nerve fibres

48
Q

limbic system

A

located above diencephalon

- emotion and memory

49
Q

hippocampus

A

part of cerebral cortex

  • create new memories
  • atrophy in alzheimers
50
Q

amygdala

A

cluster of nuclei

- controls emotions

51
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

loop of cerebral cortex over corpus callosum

- integrates sensory input and adds emotional content (i.e. rxn to pain)

52
Q

blood supply to brain

A

originates from aorta

  • anastomose to circle of willis
  • susceptible to rupture and vascular disease
53
Q

spinal cord

A

extension of brainstem

- L4/5 cauda epquina

54
Q

ageing

A
  • decrease of neurons in 30s
  • decrease ability to maintain and synthesise new nerve cells
  • dementia → consequence of degeneration of nerve cells
55
Q

division of white matter

A

divided within each half of cord
→ into 3 white columns (funiculi)
→ further divided ANT/POS/LAT white columns
→ subdivided into spinal tracts

Nursing (14 decks)

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