Endocrine system

Question 1

exocrine

Answer 1

ducts

Question 2

endocrine

Answer 2

directly into blood

Question 3

where does the NS integrate with the endocrine system

Answer 3

hypothalamus (within the diencephalon)

Question 4

3 mechanisms of hormone release

Answer 4

humoral - release in response to ECF changes
neural
hormonal

Question 5

what are trophic hormones

Answer 5

causes another gland to release hormones

Question 6

peptide/lipid based hormone

Answer 6

e. g. salbutamol
- usually uses 2nd messengers → binds to R associated with nuclear DNA
- e.g. T4, T3

Question 7

Steroid hormone

Answer 7

lipid based (made cholesterol)

• lipid soluble → binds DNA/modify transcription
• slow acting

Question 8

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Ca feedback

Answer 8

decrease Ca due to lactation → sensed by PT cells → increase PTH → stimulate osteoclast → increase Ca release from bone storage → increase blood [Ca]

Question 9

PGA

Answer 9

decrease BP and increase coronary BF

Question 10

PGE

Answer 10

regulation of RBC and platelet aggregation

regulation of HCl secretion

Question 11

PGF

Answer 11

causes uterine contractions

Question 12

POS pituitary gland (neurohypophysos)

Answer 12

• ADH/oxytocin
• directly innervated by hypothalamus
• storage and release site

Question 13

ANT pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Answer 13

• ACTH→secretes cortisol
• GH, TSH, prolactin, LH, FSH
• activated by secretion of hormones

Question 14

pineal gland

Answer 14

manufactures melatonin (involved in sleep/wake)
- part of NS and endocrine system

Question 15

thyroid gland

Answer 15

-thyroid hormones
- promotes metabolic activity, cell growth and tissue diff
- secretes T3/4
secretes calcitonin by
- parafollicular cells (increase Ca uptake into bones)

Question 16

abnormalities of thyroid glands

Answer 16

hypersecretion (from TSH over-stimulation) → graves disease (increase metabolic activity)

hyposecretion (low secretion of TSH or inflam) → cretinism (decreases metabolic activity)

Question 17

parathyroid gland

Answer 17

control Ca levels

- decrease of [ca] in bones → stimulate PTH release → increases [ca] internal absorption

Question 18

adrenal glands

Answer 18

medulla (neurosecretory): secretes N/NA

cortex (endocrine): secretes aldosterone, cortisol, androgen

Question 19

3 layers of cortex

Answer 19

zona glomerulosa → secretes mineralocorticoids

zona fasciculata → secretes glucocorticoids

zona reticularis → secretes gonadcorticoids

Question 20

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 20

increased cortisol

redistribution of body fat, HT, decrease lymphocyte and plasma cells

Question 21

aldosteronism

Answer 21

increase aldosterone

increase water retention, muscle weakness due to k loss

Question 22

tumours in adrenal cortex

Answer 22

increased androgens

Question 23

addision’s disease

Answer 23

decreased aldosterone/cortisol

decrease appetite and weight loss
decrease Na and glucose
increase K
Dehydration

Question 24

islet a

Answer 24

glucagon

Question 25

islet b

Answer 25

insulin

Question 26

islet delta

Answer 26

somatostatin | - released in response to food, pH, stretch in gut

Question 27

islet epsilon

Answer 27

ghrelin | - stimulates hypothalamus to boost appetite

Question 28

islet pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells)

Answer 28

pancreatic polypeptides | -influences digestion and distribution of food molecules

Question 29

Acini (cluster of cells) exocrine portion

Answer 29

secretes serous fluid containing digestive enz

Question 30

testes

Answer 30

produces testosterone → growth and maintenance of male sexual char

Question 31

ovaries

Answer 31

produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 32

placenta

Answer 32

temporary endocrine gland secreting hCG, estrogen, and progesterone

Question 33

thymus

Answer 33

thymosin and thymopoietin | - stimulates development of T cells

Question 34

gut and heart

Answer 34

CCK, gastrin, ghrelin - for digestion and appetite ANP prod in heart → decrease Na → decrease BV and BP

Question 35

paracrine hormone

Answer 35

has activity on cells immediately surrounding it (i.e. PG)

Question 36

5 secretory cells in adenohypophysis

Answer 36

``` somatotrophs → GH Corticotrophs → ACTH Thyrotrophs → TSH Lactotrophs → PRL gonadotrophs → LH and FSH ```

Question 37

4 trophic hormones

Answer 37

TSH ACTH FSH LH

Question 38

Aldosterone

Answer 38

released in response to renin | increase Na reabs in kidneys, controlled by RAS

Question 39

glucocorticoids

Answer 39

cortisols → released in response to stress | - cooperates with SNS → increase breakdown of tissues →ensure enoguh nutrients

Question 40

ageing

Answer 40

atrophy of endocrine organs/loss of cells → decrease secretion of hormones decrease clearance by liver → increase level of hormones