Infections of the sensory system

Question 1

what defence mechanisms protect the eye

Answer 1

eyelids
lacrimal system 
conjunctivae
cornea
blood-ocular barrier

Question 2

what bacteria commonly cause conjunctivitis

Answer 2

haemophilus influenza
strep pneumonia
Moraxella spp

Question 3

what bacteria commonly cause neonatal conjunctivitis

Answer 3

– Neisseria gonorrhoeae
– Escherichia coli
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Haemophilus influenza
– Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 4

what bacteria commonly cause hca conjunctivitis

Answer 4

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 5

what are the features of bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 5

hyperaemic red conjunctivae

mucopurulent discharge

Question 6

how can bacterial conjunctivitis be diagnosed

Answer 6

– Conjunctival swabs
– Corneal scrapings
– Culture & NAAT

Question 7

what is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 7

– Fusidic acid
– Tetracycline
– Chloramphenicol

Question 8

what type of conjunctivitis does adenovirus cause

Answer 8

purulent conjunctivitis

enlargement of ipsilateral periauricular lymph node
corneal involvement
punctate keratitis
subepithelial inflammatory infiltration

Question 9

where on the face does shingles (varicella zoster) normally infect

Answer 9

V1 dermatome

Question 10

what are the features of V1 dermatome shingles

Answer 10

skin lesions on one side of the forehead
anterior uveitis
ocular perforation
retinal involvement

Question 11

what can be used to treat shingles

Answer 11

aciclovir
topical steroids if severe

vaccine for prevention

Question 12

what are the features of shingles

Answer 12

may be chronic (25%)
very painful (post herpetic neuralgia)

Question 13

what virus is the most common infectious cause of blindness in the developed world

Answer 13

herpes simplex

Question 14

what are the features of herpes simplex infection of the eye

Answer 14

– Ulcerative blepharitis
– Follicular conjunctivitis
– Regional lymphadenopathy
– Corneal involvement – not unusual
-inflammation in deeper tissue 
-keratitis
-corneal oedema 
-opacity

Question 15

what is a dendritic ulcer

Answer 15

marker of HSV infection

seen on the eye when UV light is shone on

Question 16

what is onchocerciasis

Answer 16

river blindness

onchocerca volvulus
black fly transmission

Question 17

what regions is onchocerciasis found

Answer 17

W Africa, S America, C America

Question 18

how can river blindness be treated

Answer 18

invermectin and doxycycline

Question 19

what organism causes trachomatis (chronic keratoconjunctivitis)

Answer 19

chlamydia trachomatis

Question 20

what are the features of trachomatis

Answer 20

lacrimation
mucopurulent discharge
conjunctival involvement
follicular hypertrophy

Question 21

how is trachomatis treated

Answer 21

azithromycin

Question 22

what is the plan for eradicating trachomatis by 2020

Answer 22

surgery for inturned eyelids

antibiotics

facial cleaning

environmental change

Question 23

what are the ocular manifestations of AIDS

Answer 23

cotton wool spots
infarction of retinal nerve fibre layer
cytomegalovirus infection

Question 24

how can cytomegalovirus be treated

Answer 24

ganciclovir

Question 25

what causes endopthalmitis

Answer 25

ocular operation trauma inoculation of foreign body systemic infection

Question 26

what is endophalmitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the internal coats of the eye | can cause blindness

Question 27

how can endophthalmitis be treated

Answer 27

vitrectomy and antibiotics

Question 28

what are the host defences of the respiratory tract

Answer 28

``` saliva mucus cilia nasal secretions antimicrobial peptides ```

Question 29

what are the common causes of cold

Answer 29

rhinoviruses coronaviruses coxsackie

Question 30

what are the clinical features of cold

Answer 30

tiredness, pyrexia, malaise, sore throat may have a secondary bacterial infection in minority

Question 31

what causes acute pharyngitis and tonilitis

Answer 31

Epstein barr cytomegalovirus strep pyogenes

Question 32

what are the features of cytomegalovirus infection

Answer 32

usually asymptomatic or mild may reactivate during compromised immunity

Question 33

how is cytomegalovirus treated

Answer 33

ganciclovir | foscarnet

Question 34

where does EBV replicate (glandular fever)

Answer 34

B lymphocytes | saliva transmission

Question 35

what age is EBV commonly contracted

Answer 35

1-6 yrs 14-20 yes

Question 36

what are the features of EBV

Answer 36

``` fever headache malaise sore throat anorexia palatal petechiae (mini haemorrhages in the palate) lymphadenopathy splenomegaly mild hepatitis ```

Question 37

what is the treatment for glandular fever

Answer 37

supportive avoid sports/ heavy lifting

Question 38

what are the complications of EBV

Answer 38

burkitt's lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma guillain barre

Question 39

what causes tonsilitis

Answer 39

strep pyogenes

Question 40

what are the features of tonsillitis

Answer 40

fever pain tonsilar enlargement tonsilar lymphadenopathy penicillin treatment

Question 41

What causes scarlet fever

Answer 41

caused by erythrogenic toxin from S pyogenes

Question 42

what causes a peritonsillar abscess

Answer 42

untreated tonsillitis

Question 43

what are the complications of tonsillitis/ strep pyogenes

Answer 43

``` scarlet fever peritonisilar abscess otitis media sinusitis rheumatic heart disease glomerulonephritis ```

Question 44

what is parotitis

Answer 44

caused by mumps virus

Question 45

what are the features of parotitis

Answer 45

``` fever malaise headach anorexia trismus pain and swelling of the parotids ```

Question 46

what is trismus

Answer 46

tightening of the jaw causing an inability to open the mouth

Question 47

how is parotitis treated

Answer 47

mouth care nutritional analgesia

Question 48

how is parotitis prevented

Answer 48

immunisation | MMR

Question 49

what are the complications of parotitis

Answer 49

CNS involvement | epididymoorchitis

Question 50

what causes diphtheria

Answer 50

corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 51

what are the features of diphtheria

Answer 51

usually childhood disease colonises pharynx, larynx and nose aerosol transmission sore throat fever lymphadenopathy oedema of anterior cervical tissue (bull neck)

Question 52

how is diphtheria diagnosed

Answer 52

anti toxin therapy antibiotics isolation

Question 53

how can diphtheria be treated

Answer 53

immunisation | booster doses when travelling

Question 54

what viruses can cause laryngitis and tracheitis

Answer 54

parainfluenza RSV Influenza adeno

Question 55

what are the features of laryngitis and tracheitis

Answer 55

hoarseness and retrosternal pain stridor (croup)

Question 56

what are the features of otitis and sinusitis

Answer 56

invasion of air spaces associated with URT Middle ear, outer ear, sinuses blockage of eustacian tubes mucosal swelling

Question 57

what causes otitis and sinusitis

Answer 57

``` RSV mumps, strep pneumonia haemophilis influenza bacteroids fragilis ```

Question 58

who is otitis media most common in

Answer 58

infants and small children

Question 59

what causes otitis media

Answer 59

RSV s pneumonia and H influenzae

Question 60

what are the clinical features of otitis media

Answer 60

fever diarrhoea and vomiting bulging ear drum glue ear (fluid in middle ear) >chronic suppurative otitis media hearing difficulties and delayed learning

Question 61

how is otitis externa treated

Answer 61

antibiotic ear drops (polymyxin)

Question 62

what are the features of acute sinusitis

Answer 62

facial pain | localised tenderness

Question 63

how is acute sinusitis treated

Answer 63

ampicillin, amoxicillin, oral cephalosporins