integumentary system of verts

Question 1

what are the two layers of skin?

Answer 1

epidermis and dermis

Question 2

what is typically made of stratified squamous tissue, made with epithelial layer?

Answer 2

epidermis

Question 3

where are the cells of the epidermis “born” at?

Answer 3

in the stratum basale

Question 4

what cells does the epidermis of fishes include? 2

Answer 4

secretoy cells and epidermal cells

Question 5

what cells release contents on the surface of fishes as a protective layer, and what is this layer called?

Answer 5

secretoy cells, and the mucus cuticle

Question 6

what cell is in the epidermis in tetrapods mostly composed of?

Answer 6

special cells called keratinocytes

Question 7

what do keratinocytes fill with for reinforcements ?

Answer 7

keratin

Question 8

what layer do dead keratinocytes form?

Answer 8

the outer layer, called the stratom cornea

Question 9

what does the stratum cornea protect against? 3

Answer 9

mechanical damage, desication, and drying out

Question 10

what’s the term for when the stratum cornea becomes thick? where can you find this, who has this? 6

Answer 10

called calluses. can be found on reptile skin, horns, hooves, nails, claws, and feathers

Question 11

what do keratinocytes make?

Answer 11

vitamin D precursor

Question 12

what hormone triggers the gut re uptake of calcium in response to UV radiation?

Answer 12

vitamin D precursor

Question 13

what is the outer layer of the skin ?

Answer 13

epidermis

Question 14

what is the inner layer of skin that is composed of mostly dense conn. tissue mixed with some areolar tissue ?

Answer 14

dermis

Question 15

what is the non-skin conn. tissue layer that connects the skin to bone or muscle?

Answer 15

hypodermis

Question 16

what cell is in the epidermis and that makes melanin pigment ?

Answer 16

melanocytes

Question 17

where do melanocytes give their pigment to?

Answer 17

live keratinocytes

Question 18

what colors does the melanin of melanocytes impart ? 4

Answer 18

browns, blacks, grays, and reds (sienna)

Question 19

the colors like red or yellow are made by the melanocytes, but what causes these colors?

Answer 19

lipids

Question 20

the colors blue, green, and iridescence is from what and what causes these colors?

Answer 20

they’re from structural color, and from the prismatic arrangement of keratin

Question 21

what can be structural but also reinforced with bone?

Answer 21

dermis

Question 22

What’s an example of Bone reinforcing the dermis ?

Answer 22

Garr fish, bone embedded in the dermis

Question 23

What’s the name for the dermis that’s found in tetrapods?

Answer 23

Osteoderm

Question 24

What does vascular mean?

Answer 24

Has a blood supply

Question 25

What does innervated mean ?

Answer 25

Has a nerve supply

Question 26

What is the dermis ? 2 things

Answer 26

Vascular and innervated

Question 27

What are hair , feathers and glands an example of?

Answer 27

Houses epidermal derivatives

Question 28

What does the dermis contain in all but birds and mammals ?

Answer 28

Chromatophores

Question 29

What’re chromatophores

Answer 29

They are cells that make pigment but don’t give it away to other cells

Question 30

What does stacking of chromataphores result in?

Answer 30

Complex coloration

Question 31

What are the three chromatophores

Answer 31

Melanophores , xamthophores , iridophores

Question 32

What holds pigment in it , and holds black pigment

Answer 32

melanophore

Question 33

What holds lipids and looks red / yellow

Answer 33

Xamthophores

Question 34

What is structural and looks silver ?

Answer 34

Iridophores

Question 35

What does rapid color change always involve ?

Answer 35

The dermis

Question 36

What are the two ways the dermis is able to do rapid color change?

Answer 36

Change in blood flow, and pigment movement with in the chromatophores

Question 37

What is the difference Between the surface of a melanophore on a dark Animal and a light animal ?

Answer 37

The light animal have a light putter with a dark nucleus and dark animals have a darker outter and light nucleolus

Question 38

Out of the three chromatophores what is the biggest to smallest in size?

Answer 38

Biggest xamthophore , then melanophores and then the iridophores

Question 39

What are animals markings and coloration functions ? 2

Answer 39

Radiation control and light colors cool animals

Question 40

What’s an example of radiation control of animals coloration / markings ?

Answer 40

Ultra-violet infrared melanin absorbs uv radiation

Question 41

What damages dna?

Answer 41

Uv radiation

Question 42

How is golger’s rule assos with light colors cool animals?

Answer 42

His rule is arid regions are inhabited by the palest birds and mammals

Question 43

How is golger’s rule also assos with crypsis, what is crypsis? What’s an example ?

Answer 43

Colors or markings that hide an animals , like the flat fish

Question 44

How does crypsis work? whats another word for it?

Answer 44

It works through disruptions, and is another name for camouflage

Question 45

what're the two types of crypsis?

Answer 45

eye stripe and counter shading

Question 46

which kind of crypsis is the Colors or markings that disrupt?

Answer 46

eye stripe

Question 47

which kind of crypsis is the pale marks that cancel out tell-tale shadows ?

Answer 47

counter shading

Question 48

what is the term for when a species resembles another species?

Answer 48

mimicry

Question 49

what is the type of crpytic form where a predator can disguise itself to not be detected by its prey ?

Answer 49

agressive mimicry

Question 50

what is the name of the marking that warns animals and what are some examples?

Answer 50

aposematic markings, and skunks or bees

Question 51

what is the term for when a harmless animal disguises itself as a predator?

Answer 51

batesian mimicry

Question 52

what can affect the behaviors of conspecifics?

Answer 52

social markings or coloration

Question 53

what are the two behaviors that can be turned on by social markings or colorations?

Answer 53

intra and intersexual parents and offspring behaviors

Question 54

what is the one behavior that can be turn off by social markings or colorations?

Answer 54

juvenile markings, these can turn off aggressive adult behaviors

Question 55

what is the epidermal basal layer called?

Answer 55

stratum basal

Question 56

what is the term for the outer covering of tetrapods and what is it made of ? 2

Answer 56

it is the stratum cornea and it is made of dead cells filled with keratin

Question 57

what is the name of the secretory cells that produce and release the slime of the mucus cuticle of a fish?

Answer 57

unicellular cells

Question 58

what is the name of the tiny teeth scales of sharks that are rooted in the dermis and stick out of the epidermis ?

Answer 58

placoid scale

Question 59

what protects mammal skin and where does it grow from?

Answer 59

hair protects the skin and they grow from hair follicles

Question 60

what are the two glands that are derivatives of the epidermis but are found in the dermis?

Answer 60

sweat and sebaceous glands

Question 61

what is the term for what each hair follicle that is related to this and it makes the hair stand up straight?

Answer 61

arrector pili muscle

Question 62

what is the term for the mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting light touch, low-frequency vibrations, and slip between an object and the skin? and where are they found?

Answer 62

meissner's corpuscles and found in the dermis