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biology 223 exam 2 > nervous system of verts > Flashcards

nervous system of verts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the vertebrate nervous system composed of?

A

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous sysytem

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2
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

receptors and nerves

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4
Q

what are recpetors?

A

sensory cells or organs, like the eyes

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5
Q

what is the name of the connective tissue membranes that enclose the CNS?

A

meninges

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6
Q

what are the four basic functions of the nervous system?

A

sensory, motor, memory, and integration

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7
Q

what is the sensory function?

A

receiving and conveying information from receptors

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8
Q

what is the motor fuction?

A

sending commands to effector cells, effector cells are non-nervous target cells. Like muscles and glands

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9
Q

what is the memory function?

A

storage of information

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10
Q

what is the integration function?

A

controlling and coordinating the sensory, motor, and memory functions

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11
Q

what do the ears of fishes include?

A

lateral lines

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12
Q

what are lateral lines in fish?

A

these involve tubes just under the skin containing vibration (sound) receptors

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13
Q

In tetrapods where are the sound receptors located?

A

in the inner ear

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14
Q

what is the name of the small bone in tetrapods that is located in the inner ear that transmits sound vibrations?

A

stapes

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15
Q

what vibrates the stapes in tetrapods?

A

eardrum

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16
Q

where does the start of action potential (AP) happen on neurons ?

A

typically on the dendrites

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17
Q

what starts an AP on neurons?

A

channels gated to some specific stimulus

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18
Q

what can trigger the release of neurotransmitters?

A

calcium influx

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19
Q

what do the calcium influxes go through, what does it occur during?

A

travel through voltage gated channels during AP

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20
Q

what are the two kinds of neurotransmitters released? Can a neurotrans. be both?

A

excitatory and inhibitory, yes it can be both

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21
Q

what can a neurtrans. be identical to?

A

hormones

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22
Q

where are the greatest diversity of neurotrans. ?

A

CNS

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23
Q

What is the term for when a neurotrans. is absorbed by the presynaptic neuron between AP’s?

A

reuptake

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24
Q

what’re three types of neuroglia?

A

ependyma, astrocytes, and myelinating cells

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25
what is the name for the epithelia lining internal spaces of CNS?
ependyma
26
which kind of neuroglia generates the highly filtered intersticial fluid for the CNS cells? What is the name of this fluid?
ependyma cells, and cerebral spinal fluid
27
what physically holds neurons and link neurons to capillaries?
astrocytes
28
do capillaries and neurons have direct contact?
no
29
what is the name of the layers of phospholipids wrapped around axons?
myelin sheath
30
what's an example of a myelinating cell?
schwan cell
30
what is the function of the myelin sheath? 2
to insulate and speed up AP
31
what is the nervous system enclosed with?
connective tissue capsule
32
what layers does the connective tissue consist of and what is the difference between the two?
outer dense layer and inner areolar layer , this one has a blood supply
33
what is the definition of a nerve?
one or more bundles
34
what is the name of the bundles of nerves?
fascicles of axons
35
what kind of 2 basic functions can a nerve be?
can be purely sensory or motor or both kinds
36
what are the clusters of somas called that are found outside of the CNS?
ganglia
37
what are the two thing that are apart of the CNS organization?
gray matter and white matter
38
what are the three characteristics of gray matter?
somas, non-myelinated axons, and lots of neuroglia
39
where is the gray matter found? 3
synapses, integration, and memory
40
what're the two characteristics of white matter?
mostly myelinated axons in fassicles or tracts
41
in the spinal cord where is the gray matter located to the white matter?
internally to white matter
42
what kind of reflexes is located in the gray matter?
the skin and muscles
43
what is included in the white matter 2 thing?
sensory and motor tracts to and from the brain, and highly organized
44
what do one of the kinds of tracts link the brain to?
gray matter linked to brain
45
what does gray matter have?
nuclei
46
what is the term for what is on the surface of white matter and is exposed to rich meningeal blood supply?
cortexes
47
what are two examples of cortexes in the brain?
cerebellum and cerebrum
48
how many part brain does vertebrates have? what is the name?
a three part brain, the fore brain, mid brain, and hind brain
49
where is gray matter located to the white matter in the brain ?
outside the white matter
50
what is the name of the capsule that encloses the eye?
fibrous tunic
51
what's the anterior portion of this tunic called?
the cornea
52
why is the cornea clear?
to allow light into the inside of the eye
53
what is the rest of the tunic called, it's opaque , whats the slang term too?
scalera and the whites of the eye
53
what is the name of the inside of the fibrous tunic that's pigmented black called, two name?
uvea and vascular tunic
54
what're the two major parts of the anterior eye that is part of the uvea?
cilliary body and the iris
54
what does the cilliary body attach to, and what does it do?
attaches to the lens of the eye and it has muscles that can alter the lens shape and change the focus
55
where does the cilliary body and lens divide into?
anterior cavity
56
what is the anterior cavity filled with?
clear liquid called aqueous humor
57
what is the posterior cavity filled with?
clear liquid called vitreous body (humor)
58
where is the retina located and what is the other name ?
in the posterior of the eye, and the nervous tunic
59
what is the term for the layer of modified neurons that include photoreceptor cells that are excited by light and convey light energy to nerve cells ?
retina
60
how are the signals from the reina sent to the brain?
through the optic nerve
60
what is the name of the location where the optic nerve exits the eye, and it has no photo receptors, what is the common name?
optic disc , and the blind spot
61
In tetrapods, how do they hear?
Air vibrations are transferred to fluid of the cochlea via tympanic membrane and tiny bones
62
What is the tympanic membrane in tetrapods ?
The ear drum
63
In tetrapods what are the tiny bones in the ear?
Ossicles

biology 223 exam 2 (8 decks)

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