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biology 223 exam 2 > skeletal system- bones and more > Flashcards

skeletal system- bones and more Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

what kind of skeleton do verts have?

A

living endo skeleton

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2
Q

what is the endoskeleton inhabited by and why? is it internal or external to the muscle?

A

it is inhabited by cells for maintenance , and it is internal to the muscle

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of the endoskeleton?

A

support, leverage, protection, physiology

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4
Q

what is the 2 functions of the physiological functions ?

A

calcium reservoir and blood manufacture

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5
Q

what is one component of the endoskeleton? what are they linked by?

A

support organs linked by ligaments

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6
Q

what are the three support organs ?

A

notochord, cartilage, and bone

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7
Q

what is the support organ that is fluid filled cells enclosed by connective tissue ? whats an example of an vert with one?

A

notochord, and the example is the agnathans

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8
Q

the notochord used fluid for support to the elongate the animal, what’s the term for this?

A

Hydrostatic

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9
Q

What matrix composed of collagen?

A

Cartilage

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10
Q

What kind of strength does collagen have, and what is in it?

A

Tensile strength and it has chrondroitin

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11
Q

What is chondroitin?

A

Ground substance / gel

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12
Q

What kind of cells is cartilage made of?

A

Chondrocytes

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13
Q

What is the name of the chambers that chondrocytes live in?

A

Lacunae

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14
Q

What is the 2 functions of chondrocytes ?

A

Synthesize and maintain the matrix

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15
Q

What is cartilage enclosed by?

A

Perichondrium

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16
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue capsule with blood vessels?

A

Perichondrium

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17
Q

What do the blood vessels do for the Perichondrium?

A

Provide nutrients to the chondrocytes

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18
Q

What are the two difference between cartilage and bone?

A

Cartilage is less rigid and grows faster than bone

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19
Q

What are the two functions of cartilage ? What’s a specific example of cartilage ?

A

Flexibility , like being able to expand the rib cage , and cushioning like in the spine to cushion and flexibility. Articulate cartilage

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20
Q

What does most verts Skeleton start as in development?

A

Cartilage model , eventually replaced by bone

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21
Q

What is bone made of ?

A

Matrix collagen and hydroxyapatite

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22
Q

What is hydroxyapatite ?

A

Has a extreme compressive strength and it’s a mineral

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23
Q

What are the cells found in bone? And what do they do?

A

Osteocytes , and they monitor the bone condition

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24
Q

Where do osteocytes live ? And how are they linked together ?

A

They inhabit the lacunae and are linked by canaliculi (little canals )

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25
What do osteocytes form and how do they do it ?
They form a syncytium via gap junctions
26
What’s is bone enclosed by? And what is it ?
Periosteum , and it’s a connective tissue capsule
27
What’re the two types of bone organizations ?
Spongey bone and compact bone
28
What are two characteristics of spongey bone ?
It’s internal and compose of trabeculae
29
What is trabeculae ?
Little beams
30
What’re the two characteristics of compacts bone? Whats the name of the things they’re composed of ?
Outer “rind” , composed of fibers called osteons
31
What are the two benefits of spongey bone?
Arrangement of spongey bone lightens the bone and provides space for marrow
32
What’re the two types of Marrow ?
Red and yellow marrow
33
What is red marrow and what is yellow marrow ?
Red marrow is the site of blood manufacture , blood forming tissue and the yellow is adipose
34
Is bone vascular?
Yes bone is vascular
35
What do the osteocytes do in the bone?
They exchange factors with capillaries with in the bone
36
What does sponges bone have in it for its vascularity ?
Marrow in the capillaries
37
What does compacts bone have for its vascularity ?
Factor exchange with the capillaries in a canal through the middle of an osteon
38
What are the two ways that cartilage can grow ?
Interstitial and appositions growth
39
What is interstitial growth ?
When the new matrix is with in the old matrix
40
What is appositional growth ?
The new matrix deposited upon old
41
What kind of growth does bones do?
Only appositional ( why bone grows slower than cartilage )
42
What’re the two cells involved in bone growth and development and where do they live ?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts and they live in the periosteum and marrow
43
What do osteoblasts do? 2
Make matrix in layers and become osteocytes
44
What do osteoclasts do? 2
They multinucleate and they eat bone to sculpt internal spaces
45
What is the formation of bone called ?
Ossification
46
What’re the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous and endochondral
47
What is it called when bone plates form under or in the dermis ? What’s an example of?
intramembranous ossification , like fish scales or the flat bones of the skull )
48
What is it called when the bone replaces the cartilage “model” ?
Enchondral growth
49
What is the name of the last growing but it cartilage of a bone when someone is in late youth ? It’s the line at the bottom of the bone
Growth plate
50
At the very bottom of a bone in an adult , there’s a line , what is this?
It’s articulated cartilage and it’s the remnant of the cartilage model
51
What is is in the bottom of the bone in the middle, it slows growth in later years ?
Secondary center of ossification
52
How often does bone remodeling happen?
It is throughout life
53
What are the three things bone remodeling includes ?
Fracture repair , increase thickness with increased load , and replacement of trabeculae and osteons
54
What are osteons from?
Via bone remodeling units or cutting cones
55
What does the synovial membrane make?
Synovial fluid
56
What is the name of joints between bones ?
Articulations
57
What is the most common type of articulation?
Synovial
58
What encapsulates band lubrictates the joint ?
Synovial fluid
59
What does the synovial fluid do?
Lube and nourishes articulation cells
60
What’s the another name for smooth cushion ?
Articulation cartilage
61
Spongey bone is composed of little spicules called what?
Trabeculae
62
What are the mini bone cylinders called and what do they make?
They are osteons and the make compact bone
63
In a long bone, there’s shaft is typically devoid of the spongey bone and the space with in is called what?
Medullary (marrow ) cavity
64
65
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
66
What is each end of a long bone called ?
Epiphysis
67
What is the name of the center of a osteon and what does it contain?
It’s called osteon canal and it has blood vessel
68
What is the term for small cavities in the bone and cartilage that contain cells ?
Lacunae
69
What is the name of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebrae (or notochord ) ,ribs and sternum ?
Axial skeleton
70
What is the skeleton that includes the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles plus limb or fin bones ?
Appendicular skeleton
71
What are the two kinds of skeletons?
Axial and appendicular
72
What is the cylindrical portion that abides the centrum of another vertebrate ?
Centrum (body)
73
What is the name of the boney enclosure of the spinal cord?
Neural arch
74
Where are notochord cells located to the sheath?
The notochord cells are lining the inside of the sheath
75
What does the vertebral column consist of?
Trunk and caudal vertebrae
76
What permits vertical nodding of the head ?
The cervical (neck ) vertebra
77
What is posterior to the neck , and is attached to the ribs ?
Trunk vertebrae
78
What attaches to the pelvic girdle ?
Sacral vertebra
79
What composes the tail ?
Caudal vertebra
80
What is the frog caudal vertebra called ?
Urostyle
81
What are the two long extensions of the pelvic girdle that the sacral vertebrae attach to the?
Ilia
82
What is the name of the cervical vertebra that articulates with the skull, c1 ?
Atlas
83
What is the name of the vertebra that is c2?
Axis
84
What is the ambiote trunk region subdivided into?
Thoracic vertebrae with ribs and lumbar vertebrae with no ribs
85
In mammals they are fused into a single structure called the ?
Sacrum
86
In birds what is the term for the fused pelvic girdle and trunk ?
Synsacrum
87
What is the name for the fused caudals that birds have?
Pygostyle
88
What is the name for a fused caudal in humans ?
Coccyx
89
what do fishes have that support their gills?
visceral arches
90
What surrounds the brain as protection in all verts ?
Cranial vault
91
What vert skull Includes the bones and cartilage ?
Visceral cranium
92
what is the name of the lower jaw in vertebrates and the name of the bone flap that covers the gills of boney fish?
mandible and operculum
93
where is the hyoid bone at on verts?
its on the throat under the lower mandible
94
what arm is connected to the what? and what is it also attached to ?
the arm is connected to the scapula, and the scapula is attached to the clavicle which usually connects the pectoral girdle to the sternum
95
what is the name for the birds clavicle thats fused into one bone?
furcula
96
what is the name of the bones in tetrapods that are fusions of separate bones ?
hip bones
97
what is the name of the region that attaches to a sacral vertebra ?
ilium or ilia
98
what is the name of the region in each hip bone that attaches to the opposite hip bone ?
pubic region
99
what is the name of the ventral attachment of the two hip bones in a tetrapod?
pubic symphysis
100
the pectoral (pelvic) girdle articulates with what bone?
humerus (femur)
101
what are distal and are the bones of the fore arm?
radius and ulna
102
what are distal and are the bones of the legs?
fibula and tibia
103
what are the bones of the wrist?
carpals
104
what are the bones of the ankle?
tarsals
105
what are the bones called distal to these of the bones of hand webbing?
metacarpals
106
what are the bones of the webbings of the foot called ?
metatarsals
107
what are the finger and toe bones called ?
phalanges
108
what amphibians has the tibia and fibula fused into one?
frogs

biology 223 exam 2 (8 decks)

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