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Virology > Intro & Viral Pathogenesis I (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Intro & Viral Pathogenesis I (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses gain new _________ so that they cause outbreaks in those new hosts.

A

host ranges

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2
Q

What occurs in viruses for them to result in infection and disease in new host species?

A

gene mutation

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3
Q

Viral mutations which cause infection of a new cell type, a different effect on cells, or increased viral replication can lead to an increased ________ of disease in the host.

A

severity

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4
Q

Many viral mutations do not cause dramatic changes in disease or host range, but instead result in _________.

A

antigenic drift

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5
Q

Mutation of viral genes for surface proteins is called:

A

antigenic drift

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6
Q

Viruses hijack cell processes for what purpose?

A

replication

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7
Q

Term for the vehicle for transmission of a virus.

A

virions

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8
Q

The structure of viruses includes a _______ core and an outer shell of viral proteins that is heat and drying resistant called _________.

A

nucleic acid
capsid

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9
Q

(T/F) Viruses can be DNA or RNA viruses.

A

True

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10
Q

A positive PCR test for FIP will indicate that the disease is present in that patient.

A

False - immunocytochemistry is best test

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11
Q

List the 3 groups of animal viruses.

A

DNA viruses
RNA viruses
RT viruses (reverse transcribing)

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11
Q

(T/F) All viruses have an envelope.

A

False

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12
Q

The process by which the envelope is acquired from the host cell membrane is called:

A

budding

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13
Q

(T/F) Viruses with an envelope survive longer in the environment than non-enveloped viruses.

A

False - opposite

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14
Q

Non-enveloped viruses are released from an infected cell via what process?

A

lysis

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15
Q

Nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of viral substances, usually capsid proteins, are called:

A

viral inclusion bodies

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16
Q

Viral inclusion bodies suggest what process?

A

viral multiplication

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17
Q

What 3 methods of entry to viruses use to get into a host cell?

A

membrane fusion
endocytosis
pore-mediated penetration

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18
Q

_________ is a method of viral entry when the cell membrane is punctured and connects with the unfolding viral envelope.

A

membrane fusion

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19
Q

Where do most DNA viruses replicate? What is the exception?

A

nucleus
exception: poxvirus (cytoplasm)

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20
Q

Where do most RNA viruses replicate? What is the exception?

A

cytoplasm
exception: retroviruses (nucleus)

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21
Q

Term for study of infection and spread of viruses and their mechanisms.

A

pathogenesis

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22
Q

Term for measure of a virus to produce disease.

A

virulence

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23
Q

(T/F) An animal can shed a virus without having the disease or clinical signs.

A

True

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24
Q

Birds are a common _______ for Equine Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus in horses as horses do not have high enough titers for transmission.

A

vector / reservoir host

25
Q

Viruses are transferred by _________ or ________ transmission.

A

horizontal
vertical

26
Q

For most viruses (horizontal/vertical) transmission is the most important route.

A

horizontal

27
Q

Which type of viral transmission is from parents to offspring?

A

vertical

28
Q

What are the 3 types of horizontal transmission of viruses?

A
  1. direct contact
  2. indirect contact
  3. vectors
29
Q

While direct contact transmits viruses via cohabitating animals, indirect contact transmits them via contaminated ________ in the environment.

A

fomites

30
Q

Through what 4 structures/tissues can viruses be transmitted vertically?

A
  1. germplasm
  2. egg
  3. placenta
  4. milk
31
Q

What are the 3 major routes of viral transmission in veterinary medicine?

A
  1. respiratory
  2. oral
  3. fecal
32
Q

List 2 ways a host defends itself against a virus transmitted via the respiratory tract.

A
  1. mucociliary clearance
  2. alveolar macrophage phagocytosis
33
Q

________ are the main way that viruses are transmitted via the respiratory route.

A

aerosols

34
Q

A host defends itself from a virus transmitted orally in what 3 ways?

A
  1. gut pH
  2. mucous
  3. peristaltic movements
35
Q

Trauma and insect bites can transmit viruses via what route?

A

skin

36
Q

List the 6 major routes of transmission by which viruses infect animals.

A
  1. respiratory
  2. oral
  3. fecal
  4. milk
  5. skin
  6. urogenital tract
37
Q

A virus can be transmitted via placenta if what occurs in the pregnant female?

A

viremia (virus in bloodstream)

38
Q

(T/F) If viremia occurs in a late-term gestation, the fetus will become infected and often abort.

A

False - immunity protects from infection

39
Q

List the 5 mechanisms which viruses can use to cause disease.

A
  1. direct cell damage
  2. cell transformation
  3. inflammation
  4. immunosuppression
  5. immune-mediated disease
40
Q

Immunosuppression caused by viruses can lead to ___________ infection.

A

secondary

41
Q

A viral infection can be ________, all within the same organ system, or _________, resulting in viremia.

A

localized
systemic

42
Q

Whether a viral infection is localized or systemic is determined by:

A

immune system response to virus

43
Q

In a systemic infection, the virus will penetrate tissue and enter ________ will primary amplification occurs.

A

lymphatics

44
Q

In systemic infection, after a virus enters the lymphatics, its progeny enter the bloodstream which is referred to as ___________.

A

primary viremia

45
Q

After primary viremia in a systemic infection, the virus enters central organs of replication and undergoes replication leading to _________.

A

secondary viremia

46
Q

After secondary viremia in a systemic infection, characteristic signs of disease are seen when what process is occurring?

A

viral shedding

47
Q

(T/F) Clinical signs appear during primary viremia and secondary viremia.

A

False - only secondary

48
Q

Why should you take diagnostic samples early for testing for viral infections?

A

shedding mostly complete once showing clinical signs

49
Q

Recovery from viral infections occurs by depleting cell populations and the immune response. What type of immunity is most important in mediating recovery in active viral infections?

A

cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity

50
Q

(Localized/Systemic) viral infections occur more rapidly.

A

localized

51
Q

Term for study of frequency/distribution of viral diseases in a population, necessary for the control of viral spread.

A

epidemiology

52
Q

The life cycle of a virus requires _______ to infect its next host.

A

excretion

53
Q

Which virus example causes disease by direct cell damage, leading to organ dysfunction?

A

Canine Parvovirus

54
Q

List two examples of viruses which cause disease by cell transformation, leading to either production or loss of function.

A

Bovine Leukemia Virus
FeLV

55
Q

Bovine Leukemia Virus is an example of a virus causing disease via cell transformation. What main clinical sign develops?

A

lymphosarcoma

56
Q

List 2 examples of viruses which cause disease via inflammation, and therefore, cell destruction.

A

Canine Distemper
FIP

57
Q

List 2 viruses that cause disease via immunosuppression.

A

Canine Distemper
BVD

58
Q

Give an example of a virus which causes an immune-mediated disease via antigen-antibody complex accumulation.

A

Equine Infectious Anemia

59
Q

Canine Distemper is an example a virus which causes a (localized/systemic) disease.

A

systemic

60
Q
A

Virology (13 decks)

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