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Introduction (Shokry) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Drugs can act as antigens or haptens

A

True

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2
Q

Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of _______________ antagonism

A

Phenoxybenzamine and Epinephrine is an example of noncompetitive pharmacological antagonism

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics involves

A

Action of drugs

Mechanisms of action

Structure-Activity relationships

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4
Q

Factors related to the animal

A

Species

Breed

Individual

Body Weight

Age

Sex

Temperament

Idiosyncrasy

Hypersensitivity

Disease

Tolerance

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5
Q

Adverse effect of captoprin in dogs

A

Renal disease

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6
Q

________ route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.

A

Oral route of administration has a slower onset and longer duration of action.

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7
Q

Factors related to the drug

A

Route of administration

Timing of administration

Cumulation

Drug- drug interaction

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8
Q

Alteration of biotransformation occurs when

A

Enzyme inducers decrease the effects of other drugs or enzyme inhibitors increase the effect of other drugs

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9
Q

Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDM)

A

Bind to cellular macromolecules resulting in cellular damage and usually involve the immune system

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10
Q

Antagonism

A

Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug

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11
Q

Thiopental tolerance when given to an animal under phenobarbital treatment is an example of

A

Cross tolerance

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12
Q

Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

A

Phenobarbital is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

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13
Q

Drugs that act as antigens cause hypersensitivity reactions by

A

Antigen-Antibody reactions

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14
Q

Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

A

Chloramphenicol is an enzyme (inducer/ihibitor)

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15
Q

Acquired tolerance can occur due to

A

Enzyme induction

Increased excretion

Down- regulation of receptors

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16
Q

Three general factors that modify drug dosage and response

A

Factors related to the animal

Factors related to the drug

Factors related to the environment

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17
Q

Alteration of excretion occurs when

A

Urinary alkalinizers enhance renal excretion of weak acidic drugs or when urniary acidifiers enhance excretion of weak basic drugs

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18
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that is capable of altering biological function

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19
Q

Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause

A

Fluoroquinolones given to young patients cause cartilage damage

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20
Q

Tetracyclines given in young patients cause

A

Tetracyclines given in young patients cause yellow discoloration of teeth

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21
Q

Clinical signs of idiosyncratic reactions

A

Fever, Urticaria, Anaphylaxis, Hematologic and Organ Toxicities

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22
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Therapeutic uses of the drug

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23
Q

Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause

A

Glucocorticoids given to young patients cause growth inhibition

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24
Q

Drugs that act as haptens cause hypersensitivity reactions by

A

Interaction with the immune system

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25
Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Idiosyncratic reactions are typically caused by **Reactive Drug Metabolites (RDMs)**
26
Adverse effect of enrofloxacin in cats
Retinal damage
27
Examples of drugs that act as haptens
Penicillin Sulfonamides Aspirin Morphine Tubocurarine
28
Collies are sensitive to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Collies are sensitive to **Ivermectin**
29
Types of tolerance
Natural Acquired
30
Cumulation
Rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption
31
Alteration of absorption occurs when
Drugs inhibit or enhance absorption of other drugs
32
Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions
Two drugs act on the same receptors
33
Pharmacokinetics involves
Absorption Distribution Biotransformation Excretion
34
Summation
Sum of the effects of the drugs 1+1=2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Two anticholinergics
35
Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause
Antihistamines and barbiturates given to young patients can cause **hyperactivity**
36
Alteration of distribution occurs when
Strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins displace weakly bound drugs increasing their effects
37
Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of ___________ antagonism.
Epinephrine and Histamine is an example of **physiological** antagonism.
38
Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcium given orally inhibits absorption of **tetracyclines**
39
EDTA and Lead is an example of ____________ antagonism
EDTA and Lead is an example of **chemical** antagonism
40
Boxers are sensitive to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Boxers are sensitive to **phenothiazines**.
41
Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of ____________ Antagonism
Competative and Non-Competitive Antagonism are subsets of **Pharmacological** Antagonism
42
Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can involve the alteration of
Absorption Distribution Biotransformation Excretion
43
Important changes in geriatric patients that modify drug dosage
Decreased metabolism, cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow Chronic disease Changes in body composition
44
Australian terriers are tolerant to _____________ combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.
Australian terriers are tolerant to **droperidol-fentanyl** combination but sensitive to its toxic effects.
45
Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Epinephrine SQ inhibits systemic absorption of **local anesthetics**.
46
Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of _______________ antagonism
Atropine and Acetylcholine is an example of **competitive pharmacological** antagonism
47
Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (before/after) meals.
Oral administration, generally, absorption is faster (**before**/after) meals.
48
Types of Antagonism
Chemical Physiological Pharmacological
49
Prior exposure is required in __________ reactions
Prior exposure is required in **hypersensitivity** reactions
50
Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect _____________ in young patients.
Chronic phenobarbital therapy can affect **learning and behavior** in young patients.
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action
**Intravenous (IV)** route of administration has a rapid onset and short duration of action
52
Important changes in pediatric patients that require dosage modification
Decreased drug metabolism, drug excretion, and blood brain barrier Increased total body water Decreased plasma protein binding Susceptibility to adverse effects
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.
**Lidocaine** locally is a local anesthetic but given IV is antiarrhythmic.
54
Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Undesirable drug reactions are important in using drugs with **narrow safety margin**
55
Tachyphylaxis
Acute acquired tolerance
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation
**Magnesium Sulfate** given orally causes cathartic effect but given IV causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation
57
Environmental factors that can modify drug dosage
Ambient temperature Humidity Oxygen
58
Drug-Drug Interactions
Administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially
59
Idiosyncrasy
Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions
60
Potentiation
Combined effect is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently 1+1 \>2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Probencid -Penicillin G Epinephrine - Procaine
61
Pharmacology
Science that deals with actions of drugs on living systems
62
Why is it important to take body weight of an animal into consideration when calculating drug dosage?
Dosages are usually calculated to the average adult individuals
63
Cross Tolerance
Tolerance due to another drug given
64
Tolerance
Unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of the drug
65
Adverse effect of griseofulvin in cats
Liver damage
66
Synergism
Exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action 1+1 \> 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Neuroleptic - Inhalation Anesthetic Trimethoprim - Sulfonamide

RUSVM Pharmacology (19 decks)

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