Introduction to Biostatistics; Variables Flashcards by Geno Alinsub

Latin word of State and the root word for statistics?

Status

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The study of the state or condition of data

Statistics

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a science which deals with collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of numerical data

Statistics

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the application of statistics to problems in the biological sciences, health, and medicine

Biostatistics

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Application of statistics to science Health

Biostatistics

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Father of Health Statistics?

John Graunt (1620-1674)

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quantitative data needed as a basis for the planning, monitoring, and evaluation of health services

Public Health Statistics

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Components of Public Health Statistics

Vital Statistics
Health Statistics

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refers to data on vital events (number of births, deaths and marriages)

Vital Statistics

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Event worth recording, these events were registered where it happened

Vital Statistics

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child born in qc, registered at qc then, what statistics?

Vital Statistics

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covers a wide variety of numeric information including data on morbidity, hospital and clinic statistics, service statistics

Health Statistics

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Vital Statistics + Health Statistics =

Public Health Statistics

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Application of Statistics

designed to collect information about the voting preferences of the population before and after elections.

Surveys

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Application of Statistics

gather sample data on consumers’ choice of brands of products and commodities

Businessmen

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Application of Statistics

conduct clinical trials to determine the efficacy or effectiveness of certain medicines or vaccines to be used in treating or preventing diseases.

Physicians

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Application of Statistics

extract a minuscule sample of blood to determine the complete blood count (CBC) of a particular patient.

Medical technologists

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Application of Statistics

use demographic data of their patients in a hospital or community to describe the characteristics that may have an influence in their care.

Nurses

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Application of Statistics

use vital statistics to plan health programs in a community that will address health problems.

Health managers

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Application of Statistics

makes use of statistical principles

Research

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T or F

Statistics becomes an important tool in decision-making

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What are the Branches of Statistics?

Descriptive
Inferential

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applies to the collection and organization part

Descriptive statistics

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applies to the analysis and interpretation part

Inferential statistics

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Describing the sample

Descriptive statistics

Refers to the methods applied in order to summarize and present data in a form that will make the data easy to analyze and interpret

Descriptive Statistics

When the data are inferred or generalized to the population of interest

Inferential Statistics

Get small sample then make a conclusion and inferential from that for the whole population

Inferential Statistics

Refers to the methods involved in order to make generalizations and/or conclusions about a ____________, based on the data collected from a sample.

Target Population

What are the faces of Estimation

- Point Estimate - Interval Estimate

single numerical value of the parameter being estimated

Point

consists of a boundary of values within which the parameter is expected to lie at certain confidence limits, the lower limit and the upper limit

Interval Estimate

In hypothesis Testing, what are the types of problems ecountered?

- Relationship or Association - Comparison or Difference

How many variables are there in Relationship or Association for hypothesis testing?

At least 2 variables

Is there an association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer (what type of problem)

Relationship or Association

Is there a difference between male and female intelligence? (what type of problem)

Comparison or Difference

What hypotheses is denoted as Ho

Null hypothesis

what hypothesis is denoted as Ha or H1

Alternative Hypothesis

The researcher’s hypothesis is the?

Alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1)

T or F The alternative hypothesis is what the researcher hopes to prove

True - It is the hypothesis that he believes in

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Remember – When we do hypothesis testing, our aim is to reject the null, since we would like to accept the researcher’s hypothesis since this is the hypothesis that the researcher believes in. - Write alternative hypothesis first, then make the null hypothesis - Hypothesis is just an scientific guess not a FACT

what are the wats of stating an alternative Hypothesis

- One Tailed - Two Tailed

- also known as a directional Ha - a direction is made.

One tailed

- also known as a non-directional Ha - there exists a difference between A and B

Two-tailed

A phenomenon whose value remains the same from person to person, from time to time, or from place to place

Constant

A phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty

Variable

Number of minutes in an hour - Constant or Variable?

Constant

Why is Biostatistics needed as a science?

PHENOMENON OF VARIATION! - Things are not constant, so they always need to be studied

There are two data types that researchers collect, what are those?

- Variables - Concepts

T or F It is important that the data used in the study are operationalized in qualitative terms.

F - measurable terms (we can say na quantified dapat)

- Are mental images or perceptions - Their meaning may vary from individual to individual.

Concept

Unlike a variable, a concept cannot be measured ________.

Objectively

T or F It is therefore important for a concept to be converted into a variable?

True

T or F One must be able to formulate criteria to be able to measure the concept and transform it to a variable.

True

Converting a concept to a variable needs a ______________ or a ____________to make it usable in research that is devoid of various interpretations and measurements.

a validated questionnaire or a set of criteria

T or F Setting an indicator or indicators or a set of criteria to define a variable is operationalizing the concept.

F (concept not a variable)

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Review the example under the Operationalizing a Concept

- Data are capable of taking on different values - Usually easy to define and label or measurement is objective, i.e., devoid of any subjective interpretation.

Variable

They can be either be qualitative or quantitative

Variable

What are the types of Variable?

1. Qualitative 2. Quantitative

one whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from another

Qualitative

one whose categories can be measured and ordered according to quantity or amount or whose values can be expressed numerically.

Quantitative

e.g. gender, place of residence

Qualitative

e.g. height, birth weight

Quantitative

Types of variable under QUANTITATIVE

- Discrete - Continuous

if it can assume only integral values or whole numbers No decimal points and fractions

Discrete

If it can attain any value including fractions or decimals

Continuous

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Review the exercise under variable: Quantitative

What are the 4 scale of measurement?

1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

“Label” or categories

Nominal

Ranked or Ordered

Ordinal

The exact distance between two categories can be determined but zero point is arbitrary – the zero here is not true, may mas mababa pa sa zero

Interval

zero point is fixed

Ratio

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Review the scale of measurement examples!! please !!!!

What are factors under the Relationship/Association

1. Independent 2. Dependent 3. Confounding

is the factor that affects the value of the dependent condition that produces the outcome.

Independent Variable

In a cause-effect relationship, it is the cause

Independent Variable

In an experiment, it is what the researcher manipulates or varies

Independent Variable

The factor whose value is affected by the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

It is the outcome of a process.

Dependent Variable

It is the effect in a cause-effect relationship.

Dependent Variable

It is the indicator of change in the event.

Dependent Variable

is a variable which is not the principal interest in the study, but it distorts the results of the study because it is associated with both the independent and dependent variables.

Confounding Variable (Extraneous Variable)

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go back to the examples for the variables (independent, dependent, and confounding)

diagrammatic representation of the hypothesis of relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Conceptual Framework

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you're prolly done hehi