(M) Descriptive - Epidemiologic Approach Flashcards
1
Q
This is the way to know the determinants and factors
A
Epidemiologic Approach
2
Q
- Record of patients
- What is happening in the community
A
Examine Existing Facts
3
Q
The hypothesis will be obtained from?
A
Examined Facts
4
Q
Probably a cause-and-effect relationship
A
Generated New Hypotheses
5
Q
To know if the factors have an association
A
Test Hypotheses
6
Q
Relation of the outcome from your hypothesis.
A
Test Hypotheses
7
Q
what is the final process of test hypothesis
A
Conclude- Generate New Facts
8
Q
Not yet a fact but a contention –an intelligent guess!
A
Hypothesis
Epidemiologic Hypothesis
9
Q
A testable statement of a putative relationship between exposure/s and outcome/s
A
Epidemiologic Hypothesis
10
Q
T or F
Epidemiolofic Hypotehsis is not the possible explanation about the determinants of health and disease
A
F - it is faggot
11
Q
Variable X
A
- Independent Variable
- Exposure Variable
- Factor
12
Q
Determinants
A
Variable X
13
Q
Variable Y
A
- Dependent Variable
- Outcome Variable
- Disease
14
Q
what are the branches of epidemiology
A
Descriptive and Analytic
15
Q
Distribution of health-related states
A
Descriptive Epidemiology
16
Q
describes disease occurrence as to person, place, and time
A
Descriptive Epidemiology
17
Q
Studies generate hypotheses
A
Descriptive Epidemiology
18
Q
Determinants of health-related states
A
Analytic Epidemiology
19
Q
Examines associations between variables
A
Analytic Epidemiology
20
Q
Studies test hypotheses
A
Analytic Epidemiology
21
Q
T or F
Analytic→ Descriptive
A
wala na bobo ka kung mag T
F sagot
22
Q
T or F
Diseases do not occur at random
A
True
Rationale behind descriptive epidemiology
23
Q
Disease patterns can be?
A
Identified
24
Q
T or F
Disease patterns may contribute to the predictability of the disease
A
True
25
Disease patterns provide ----- as to the etiology of the disease
CLUE
26
What are the 3 variables of epidemiology
* Person
* Time
* Place
27
WHO is affected by the problem?
PERSON
28
WHEN is the problem occurring
TIME
29
WHERE is the problem occurring?
PLACE
30
# What professional
Identification of factors that contribute to [or inhibit) diseasedevelopment
For Epidemiologist
31
# What professional
Krowledge ot the burden
of the disease
## Footnote
ex. which population or subgroups are affected
For Public Health Administrators
32
# Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators
Generation of hypothesis to test
Epidemiologist
33
# Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators
Efficients and targeted program planning
Public Health Administrators
34
Some Sources of Data for Descriptive Studies
| familiarize or ikaw na bahala
* Census data
* Vital statistical records
* Surveys on food consumption, medication use, etc.
* Patient records from clinics or hospitals
* Employment health examinations
35
what can be inferred from the sources of data for descriptive studies?
the sources are READILY AVAILABLE
| less resource-intensive than analytic studies
36
Individual data
| theres 3
* Case Report
* Case Series
* Prevalence Survey
37
Aggregate Data
* Ecologic Study
38
the data is given as a whole; data individually will not be identified
Aggregate Data
39
A detailed account of a patient’s experience and clinical manifestations that comprise a rather novel or atypical health or disease event.
Case Report
40
Among the most common types of studies published in medical journals
Case Report
41
# Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A case which have been never before tescribed
F - DESCRIBED
| HASFASHDFHASHF
42
# Criteria for Case Report - T or F
Case of a very rare health or disease condition
T
43
# Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A known disease with old clinical feature
F - should be new
44
# Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A known disease showing a novel pattern
T
| A disease can present differently
45
A study of several subjects manifesting similar signs and symptoms and linked by a common exposure/experience
Case Series
46
A collection of individual case reports, reported as one paper
Case Series
47
# T or F
Case series are historically important in epidemiology
True na true
| Often used as an early sign of an epidemic
48
# T or F
Using a case series rather than a single case report can mean differentiating between formulating a useful hypothesis and merely documenting an interesting medical oddity
True
49
Medical oddity
1 patient
50
Useful hypothesis
from more than 1 patient
51
Cannot be used to test (hypothesis) for the presence of a valid statistical association
Limitations of Case Report and Case Series
52
# Which limitation
Lack of an appropriate Comparison group
Case series
52
# Which limitation
Based on the experience of one person
Case report
53
AKA. Cross Sectional Study
Prevalence Survey
54
A study that determines the proportion of individuals with disease (or other health events) in a defined population at a given time point
Prevalence Survey
55
Provides a "snapshot" Of the population's health experience at a specified time
Prevalence Survey
56
prevalence study is retrospective or at time point?
AT TIME POINT
57
# Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F
Can assess health status and health care needs of the sample population
F - general population
58
# Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F
Can provide information on prevalence of disease or other health outcomes in special groups (age, occupational, religious, etc.)
T
59
A study that compares the frequency of disease (and/or other health outcomes) among groups
Ecologic Study
60
Have been used extensively by **social scientists**
Ecologic Study
61
Easily and inexpensively conducted
Ecologic Study
62
Utilizes aggregate data (collective group)
Ecologic Study
63
Summanes (means or proportions) of observations
aggregate data
64
# Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Aggravate data
F - aggregate
65
# Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
not always available
F
| Often readily available
66
# Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Uses routinely collected demographic data, vital statistics, consumer information, etc.
T
67
# Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Data on disease and data on exposure need not come from the same source
T
68
types of ecological study
* Multiple-Group Comparison
* Time-trend/ Time Series Design
* Correlational Study
69
if u see this card
review the correlation analysis
70
Making a causal inference at the individual level from an aggregate-level analysis of data
Ecological Fallacy
71
Ecological Fallacy should not infer at individual level, why?
the data came from aggregate-level, so it should be in a POPULATION level
72
# ecological fallacy - T or F
The conclusion about the individuals is drawn from the observation of the population to which the individuals belong
T
73
# Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Correlational data represent average rather actual exposure levels
T
74
# Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Any non-apparent association may be masking a more complicated relationship between exposure and disease
F - APPARENT
75
# Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Temporal ambiguity
T
76
# Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
the sequence is not followed, studied exposure and outcome at the same time, it is wrong
Temporal ambiguity
| same limitation with cross-sectional studies
77
# Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
easy to control the effects of potential confounders?
F
| mahirap
78
Rationale for use of Ecologic Studies
* Low cost and convenience
* Simplicity of analysis and presentation
* Interest in ecologic effects
* Limitations of individual-level studies
79
if u see this card
you're not toph
