(M) Modern concepts of disease (Bradford Hill criteria)

Question 1

Strong associations with higher risk ratios are more likely to be causal than a weak association

Answer 1

`Strength of association

Question 2

Consistently finding an association between a putative cause and a disease outcome in multiple studies by different investigators

Answer 2

Consistency

Question 3

If a factor is only associated with a specific disease it was said to be specific and considered to be causal

Answer 3

Specificity

Question 4

The causal factor should precede the outcome it is proposed to be causing

Answer 4

Temporality

Question 5

A dose-response association is supportive of a causal relationship

Answer 5

Biological gradient

Question 6

Is the association biologically plausible?

Answer 6

Plausibility

Question 7

The proposed causal association should not contradict current scientific knowledge

Answer 7

Coherence

Question 8

A causal association is more likely if it is supported by results from controlled, randomized trials

Answer 8

Experiment

Question 9

A causal association may be more likely if there are other examples of causal associations for analogous exposures and outcomes

Answer 9

Analogy