INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH POLICY

Question 1

DEFINITIONS: POLICY
are _________ that _________ action directed towards _________. Consciously chosen _________ (or _________) directed towards some _________.
Plan, direction or goal for action; authoritative decision making

Answer 1

Principles ; govern

given ends. ; action

inaction ; end.

Question 2

Attributes of Policy
It belongs to somebody. Could be :

• __________
• _____________- Health Policy
• ________

Answer 2

Government

Department

Party

Question 3

Policy in different forms
As a program
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________ Program

As a formal authorized program
• _______________

Answer 3

Universal Health Coverage

National Health Insurance Scheme

TB DOTS Program

National Health Bill

Question 4

Policy as a process
Progress of any bill from its ___________ on the agenda, to its eventual ___________, ___________ and ___________
It is embodied in plans, programs, project, decision, actions, budget, rules and regulations.

Answer 4

appearance ; implementation

review ; evaluation

Question 5

Types of Policy
 ________ Policy
________ Policy
 ________ Policy- Tobacco
 ________ Policy - NAFDAC
 ________ Policy - Workplace

Answer 5

Public Policy
Social Policy
Health Policy- Tobacco Organizational Policy - NAFDAC Institutional Policy - Workplace

Question 6

Health Policy
An authoritative statement of intent adopted by _________ on behalf of the _________ with the aim of _________ the _________ and _________ of populations (centrally determined basis for action)

Answer 6

government ; public

improving ; health

welfare

Question 7

Types of Health Policy
Public Health Policy
•_______ safety
•__________________ standards
•Water and air ___________
•___________
•___________
•Bioterrorism

Health Care Policy
- ___________, ___________

Answer 7

Food ; Occupational safety

purification ; Immunizations

Seatbelts

Health Insurance ; UHC

Question 8

How are policies decided?
__________ Model
__________ Model
________ Model

Answer 8

Consensus

Pluralistic

Elitist

Question 9

Consensus Model- Power granted to ___________ by people through ___________

Pluralistic Model- _______________ holds total power

Answer 9

governments ; periodic elections

No one group

Question 11

Elitist Model- Government acts as a ____________ reconciling the __________________ of different groups towards agreed goals, as not all interest groups are __________

Answer 11

honest brokers

competing interest

equally powerful

Question 12

The policy triangle

Corners: _______, _______, ________

Center :_________

Answer 12

Content; context; Process

Actors

Question 13

The health policy triangle

This is a simplified model of a complex set of intricate relationships of factors which may seem like they can be considered on their own but in reality influence other factors
For example, the actors are influenced by the _________ of the _________, which in turn is affected by any of the situational, structural or cultural factors discussed forthwith.

Answer 13

context

environment

Question 14

Components

Actor: Refers to _________ , _________, or levels of government, and their _________ that affect policy

Content: ___________ of a particular policy which details its constituent parts

Answer 14

individuals ; organizations

actions

Substance

Question 15

Components

Context: __________ factors – political, economic, social or cultural, both national and international – which may ________________ on health policy

Policy makers: Those who make policies in organizations such as federal, state, or local government, multinational companies or local businesses, schools or hospitals

Answer 15

Systemic

Question 16

Components

Policy process: The way in which policies are _________ , _________ or formulated, _________, communicated, _________ and _________.

Answer 16

initiated ; developed

negotiated

implemented ; evaluated.

Question 17

What role do actors play in the policy process?

•They _________________ of the government to important issues within a country.
•Provide public _________ and _________ for new policies.
•Assess the __________ of the government, to provide __________ to the people.
•Provide __________ and __________ support to countries in need.

Answer 17

Draw attention

stimulus ; support

performance ; accountability

technical ; financial

Question 18

Role of the state (govt) in health systems

Regulates the _________ and _________ of health services
Regulates the _______ of health care services
Regulates _______ of health care services
Enforces measures to stop the spread of diseases
Other public health measures, e.g. Water and sanitation, safer roads, safer work industries, etc

Answer 18

quantity ; distribution

cost ; quality

Question 19

Context

Refers to systemic factors – political, economic and social, both national and international – which may have an effect on health policy.

Situational: transient, impermanent, or idiosyncratic conditions which can have an impact on policy e.g. ________ , droughts, ________ in government

Structural: the relatively ________ elements of the society.
The _________ system, and extent to which it is open or closed and the opportunities for civil society to participate in policy discussions and decisions;
__________ features
type of economy and employment base. Technological advancements

Cultural factors, e.g. ________ in language and religion

International or external factors - leading to greater ________ between states, and influencing ________ & intl ________ in health, eg role of international donors

Answer 19

wars ; changes

unchanging ; political

Demographic ; diversity

inter-dependence ; sovereignty

cooperation

Question 20

Policy-making process
Four key Stages:
Problem identification and issue recognition (policy ________ )
Policy ________
Policy ________
Policy ________

Answer 20

initiation ; formulation

implementation ; evaluation

Question 21

Policy-making process
Four key Stages:

Problem identification and issue recognition (policy initiation): explores how issues __________________________

Policy formulation: explores _____ involved in formulating policy, how policies are arrived at, agreed upon, and how they are __________

Answer 21

get on to the policy agenda

who is ; communicated

Question 22

Policy making process

Policy implementation:. If policies are not implemented, or are diverted or changed at implementation, the policy outcomes will not be those which were sought.

Policy evaluation: identifies what happens once a policy is put into effect – how it is ________ , whether it _________ its objectives and whether it has unintended ____________ . This may be the stage at which policies are __________ or _______ and new policies ___________

Answer 22

monitored ; achieves

consequences.

changed ; terminated

introduced

Question 23

_____________ often the most neglected phase of policy making

Answer 23

Policy implementation

Question 24

___________ is arguably the most important phase of policy making

Answer 24

Policy implementation

Question 25

Uses of Policy Triangle Analysis OF policy – improve ___________ of the policy Generally retrospective – looks back to explore the ___________ of the policy (how policies got on to the agenda, were initiated and formulated) and what the policy consisted of (___________). Also includes evaluating and monitoring the policy – did it ________________? Was it seen as ___________?

Answer 25

understanding ; determination content ; achieve its goals successful

Question 26

Uses of Policy Triangle- 2 Analysis FOR policy – ___________ a particular policy usually _____spective – it looks forward and tries to ___________ what will happen if a particular policy is introduced. It feeds into strategic thinking for the future and may lead to policy _________ or __________ .

Answer 26

planning ; prospective anticipate ; advocacy lobbying.

Question 27

Policy making is concerned with what is politically ________ and technically __________”

Answer 27

feasible desirable