Invasive Clostridium Flashcards by B Derms

Clostridum are gram _____ and ____ forming

positive and spore forming

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Clostrium form _____ rods

anaerobic - they do not need oxygen to grow

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________ imparts resistance to the drying heat, irradiation and disinfectants

endospore

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Clostridium can survive for _____ in the environment due to the endospore

years

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Clostridium is catalase _____, oxidase ______ and _______ ferments

negative, negative, they DO ferment

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Clostrial cultures emit _____

putrid odor

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CLostrium are motile via _____ flagella

peritrichous

(C. perferingens is non motile)

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True/False: All clostridium produce endopores

False: Most Clostridium do not produce endospores

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What Clostridium species is most common in humans and animals?

Clostridium perfringens

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Clostridium is associated with enterotoxemias in ruminants, diarrhea, and wound infections that can lead to _____

gas gangrene (type A toxin)

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Clostridium perfringens happens on farms with high diets of ______

carbohydrates

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What are the virulence factors of Clostridium Perfringens?

adhesiosn- helps to bind to epithelial cells

capsule

Global regulatory systems - regulate toxin expression

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Normally clostridium perfringens are present in the _____ or in the ______ of animals

intestinal tract or in the muscle

Bacteria moves into the muscle if there is muscle damage

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When Clostridium Perfringens are in an environment that is not good for them they turn the regulatory system ____, but when the bacteria are in favorable conditions, the VirR and VirS start regulation the toxin production

off

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What would you see if you took a fine needle aspirate of an abscess with Clostridium?

Neutrophils that have been damaged or are in the process of dying. Along with Gram positive straight rods

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_____ toxin is produced by all Clostridum perfringens and causes hemolysis, necrosis and lethality

alpha

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_____ toxin is a pore forming toxin that is favored by protease inhibitors in colostrum

beta

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______ toxin is activated by trypsin and is necrotizing and lethal to epithelial cells

Epsilon

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Epsilon toxin concentrates in the brain and kidney and also damages the ______

microvasculature

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_____ toxin affects the cellular cytoskeleton and kills the affected cell

Iota

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________ (theta toxin) produces holes in the cellular membrane and is important for escape from the phagolysosome

Perfringolysin O

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______ is produced by some C. perfringens during sporulation results in electrolyte abnormalities and diarrhea

Enterotoxin

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What is the reservoir for Clostridium perfringens and how is it transmitted?

Intestinal tract and soil

it is transmitted via wound infection and ingestion

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In the pathology of wound infection, what is the most important toxin and what does it cause?

alpha

causes cellulitis and gas gangrene (myonecrosis)

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What three virulence factors play a big role in Wound infection by clostridium perfringens?

Capsule, alpha toxin, and perfringolysin O

Wound infection pathogenesis leads to the production of \_\_\_\_\_

gas

In animals that produce a lot of toxins and tissue damage it can lead to \_\_\_\_\_

enterotoxemia

Enterotoxemia ( Type A) leads to an outbreak of gastritis and hemolytic disease in ruminants known as?

Yellow lamb disease

What are the important virulence factors in Enterotoxemia (Type A)?

alpha toxin, perfringlolysin O, and enterotoxins

What does enterotoxemia (Type A) cause in chickens?

necrotic enteritis

Enterotoxemia (Type B) causes _____ in new born lambs

dysentery

In enterotoxemia (Type B), ____ toxin is the principle factor and it is susceptible to \_\_\_\_\_\_

Beta, Susceptible to trypsin

Enterotoxemia is largely due to an _____ of established normal intestinal flora

absence

Enterotoxemia (Type \_\_\_\_) is mainly in neonates. Beta toxin is the principle virulence factor and protease inhibitors in colostrum favors its action

What are the main signs of enterotoxemia and how fatal is it?

depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea and it reaches 100% mortality

Enterotoxemia type ____ is in older lambs. It is an overeating disease and causes pulpy kidney

Enterotoxemia type D has a predilection for older animals and involves the ____ toxin

epsilon

What type of enterotoxemia can cause encephalemalasia in the brain?

Type D

The presence of enterotoxin after the formation of the spore can lead to what?

nonenterotoxemic diarrhea

True/False: Clostridium perfringens is affected by diet and age of the animal

True: neonates are more vulnerable and overeating a diet rich in carbohydrates can trigger presense of the disease

What time of the year is Clostridia perfringens more abundant?

When the forage is rich and abundant \*Clostridia that do not produce a spore do not survive well in the environment

What type of immunity is best for Clostridium perfringens?

antibody mediated

In Blood agar, Clostridia perfringens forms a ____ zone of hemolysis

double

Clostria Perfringens has a \_\_\_\_CAMP test with S. agalactiae

positive

A good diagnostic tool to identify Clostridia Perfringens is to test its ____ activity to see if alpha toxin is present

hemolytic alpha toxin with lyse all red blood cells

\_\_\_\_\_ fermenation is also a good way to diagnose Clostridia

Stormy \*clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption

True/False: The Naglers agar is a good way to test the Lecithinase activity of Clostridium Perfringens

True The alpha toxin can degradate the lecithinase in the red blood cells

True/False: Enterotoxemia can be treated easily

False most cases are too acute for successful treatment

What is the best way to prevent Clostridium Perfringens?

Immunization of the dams

True/False: To prevent Clostridium perfringens you should ensure against overeating

True

True/False: Clostridium difficile is non motile

False- it is motile

What part of the intestine is affected with Clostridium difficile?

Large intestine \*accumulation of mucous and fibrin

True/Fasle: Clostridium difficile is a cause of diarrheal disease in humans

True \*antibiotic associated- when the animal has been taking large amounts of antibiotics

With Clostridium Difficile, most of the lesions and clinical signs are associated with necrosis of the mucosa of the \_\_\_\_\_\_

large intestine

True/False: Clostridium difficile has adhesions and a capsule

True

What is the most important toxin associated with C. difficile?

Toxin A (Tox A or TcdA)

True/False: In Clostridium Difficile, Toxin A is a extotoxin and produces damage to the tight junctions of the cells and results in cell death

False Toxin A is an enterotoxin It does produce damage to the tight junctions and results in cell death

True/False: Clostridium Difficile is part of the normal flora of the intestine and when they find the righ environment to grow is when they start producing the disease. Disease is caused by stress, antibiotics ect.

True

\_\_\_\_\_ can be used for the identification of the different types of Clostridium

flagella

Clostridium difficile causes an intense inflammatory reaction with \_\_\_\_\_\_

diarrhea

What does the Large intestine look like with clostridium difficile disease?

LIKE THIS hemorrhagic mucosa

Best way to treat clostridium difficile

orally administered antitoxin

Clostridium novyi is _____ anaerobic rod and produces heat resistant \_\_\_\_\_

obligate anaerobe heat resistant spore

True/ false: C. novyi produces gas gangrene, big head, and black disease

True

What is the main toxin of C. Novyi

alpha toxin \*causes cell death

There are two types of C. novyi, type ____ and type \_\_\_\_

A and B

\_\_\_\_ toxin is produced by type B clostridium novyi. It causes cell death and hemolysis

Beta toxin

\_\_\_\_\_ toxin is produced by Type A clostridium Novyi. It binds to the cholesterol and produces lysis of the cell

Delta toxin

What is the reservoir for the different types of Clostridium novyi?

Type A- soil Type A and B- normal intestine

How does an animal get clostridium novyi?

ingesting or wound infection

Clostridium Novyi Type A causes what?

gas gangrene and Bighead of rams \*both are due to wounds

True/False: Bighead causes edema and death in 24 days

False: causes death in 1-4 days

Pathogenesis for Type B clostridium novyi

1. spores are mobilized from intestine and go to the liver kupffer cells 2. liver cells are damaged. Spores germinate 3. Beta toxin production and dissemination

What kind of disease does C. novyi Type B cause?

Black disease \*venous congestion causing blackening of the blood

What organ is affected most with C. novyi?

Liver- necrotic and with gas bubbles

What parasite does Black disease coincide with?

Liver fluke- fasciola hepatica

What will be seen if you do a liver smear of Clostridium novyi?

Large gram positive rods with oval shaped spore

What is the best treatment for C. novyi?

control of liver flukes bacterin-toxoid combination vaccine

True/False: Clostridium haemolyticum has a capsule?

False- nonecapsulated

What is the main virulence factor of C. hameolyticum?

Pholpholipase C toxin

What disease does Clostridium haemolyticum cause in ruminants?

presense of hemoglobin in the urine called "red water"

Is C. heamolyticum, hemolytic?

VERY- hemolysis if prominant

What Clostridium is the leading cause of wound infections of farm animals?

Clostridium septicum

True/False: Clostridium septicum causes edema and Braxy

True! Malignant edema!!! Braxy- changes to the mucosa of the stomach due to eating frozen forage

What is the main part of the stomach that is infected by C. septicum and what does it cause there?

Abomasum and causes abomastitis

What is the main virulence factor for C. septicum?

Alpha toxin \*produces the malignant edema

\_\_\_\_\_ is caused by endothelial damage throughout the body

malignant edema \*severe fluid and elecrolyte imbalance

True/False: Malignant edem usually results in death

True- very short period of clinical signs

True/False: gas gangrene is associated with malignant edema

True \*you can see the presense of gas of blood staining of affected muscle

What kind of PCR is done of Clostridium to determine different species?

flagellar

Best way to control C. septicum?

vaccination clean wounds well

Clostridium chauvoei causes a necrotizing myositis in cattle called \_\_\_\_\_

Black leg

How do animals get C. chauvoei?

endogenous and soil acquired infection

True/False: Clostridium chauvoei causes muscle to appear black because it causes high necrosis of the tissue and hemolysis

True

What is the main virulence factor of C. chauvoei?

Alpha toxin

What disease causes high fever, anorexia, lameness, superficial lesions, and death with C. Chauvoei?

Black leg \*necrosis of the fibers of the muscles

What causes the lesions in the muscle of black leg?

bacterial growth and toxin production

Pathogenesis of Black leg

1. Bacteria enters the GI tract 2. Spores disseminate to the muscle 3. injury in the muscle leads to spore producing toxins 4. muscle necrosis, edema and death (picture: muscle is black from necrosis)

What is the main line of defense to C. chauvoei?

circulation antibodies

Best way to control C. chauvei?

vaccination of cattle vaccination of pregnant ewes change pasture

Invasive Clostridium Flashcards

(100 cards)