Joints Flashcards
1
Q
what is a joint?
A
articulation that links bones
2
Q
what are the 3 types of joints?
A
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
3
Q
what type of movement do fibrous joints permit?
A
little or no movement
4
Q
what is a suture? what type of joint is it?
A
an immovable junction between two bones where the bones fuse together
fibrous joint
5
Q
what is a syndesmosis? what type of joint is it?
A
immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (interosseous ligaments)
fibrous joint
6
Q
what is a gomphosis? what type of joint is it?
A
a peg and socket joint in the mouth, the link between the tooth and the alveoli in the mandible/maxilla - rigid
fibrous joint
7
Q
what is a synchondrosis? what type of joint is it?
A
juvenile growth plates –> link two parts of the bone together
cartilaginous joint
8
Q
what is a symphysis? what type of joint is it?
A
fibrocartilaginous joint as seen in the pelvis, mandible, intervertebral, and manubrium-sternum
cartilaginous joint
9
Q
what type of movement is permitted by cartilaginous joints?
A
little or no movement
10
Q
what are the 4 defining features of synovial joints?
A
- fluid-filled space
- synovial membrane
- articular cartilage
- fibrous capsule
11
Q
what is the fluid-filled space in synovial joints called?
A
the joint cavity
12
Q
what does the fibrous capsule do?
A
isolates joint from surrounding environment
13
Q
label this image
A
1 - joint cavity
2 - synovial membrane
3 - articular cartilage
4 - fibrous capsule
5 - periosteum
6 - compact bone
14
Q
does articular cartilage have blood vessels and nerves?
A
no
15
Q
what is the appearance of articular cartilage?
A
shiny/glassy
16
Q
what does the articular cartilage do?
A
allows gliding of one surface against the other
17
Q
what degrades in osteoarthritis?
A
the articular cartilage
18
Q
does the synovial membrane have blood vessels and nerves?
A
yes
19
Q
which part of a synovial joint contains villi?
A
synovial membrane
20
Q
what does the synovial membrane do?
A
secrete part of the synovial fluid and hold it
21
Q
what is the purpose of synovial fluid?
A
reduces friction of articular cartilages, prevents wear
22
Q
what is the fibrous capsule made of?
A
connective tissue
23
Q
what is the purpose of the fibrous capsule?
A
structural integrity and sensing
24
Q
what are proprioceptive nerves and where are they housed in a synoval joint?
A
nerves that allow you to know where the joint is in space
in the fibrous capsule
25
what are ligaments formed out of?
individual thickenings of the fibrous capsule
26
what is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
tendons connect muscle to bone
ligaments connect bone to bone
27
what is the purpose of ligaments?
assist in structrual integrity and limit joint excursion
28
describe the motion of flexion and extension
what plane are they in?
sagittal plane
flexion lowers the angle of the two bones, extension widens the angle
29
describe the motion of adduction and abduction
what plane are they in?
transverse plane
abduction - widening the angle of the joint (bringing appendage away from body)
adduction - lowering of the angle of the joint (bringing appendage closer to body)
30
what is circumduction?
combination of F/E and Ab/Ad
31
what are the 7 types of synovial joint geometries?
1. plane joint
2. hinge joint
3. pivot joint
4. condyloid joit
5. ellipsoidal joint
6. saddle joint
7. ball-and-socket joint
32
what joint geometry is this?
plane joint
33
what type of motion do plane joints permit?
mostly translational
34
what type of joint geometry is this?
hinge joint
35
what type of motion is permitted by hinge joints?
flexion/extension (single plane)
36
in hinge joints, what limits movement in other planes?
ridge or groove system
37
describe the shape of a hinge joint
one surface is cylindrical, the other surface is a trough
38
what joint geometry do the interphalangeal joints of horses/ruminants have?
hinge joint
39
what is the joint geometry of the humero-ulnar joint?
hinge joint
40
what joint geometry is this?
pivot joint
41
what type of movement does a pivot joint allow?
rotation about a long axis
42
describe the shape of a pivot joint
one surface is a round surface (peg) that sits in a ring-like structure (ring)
43
what type of joint is the radioulnar joint? what type of movement does this joint permit?
pivot joint
pronation and supination
44
what type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint? what type of movement does it allow?
pivot joint
axial rotation
45
what joint geometry is this?
condyloid joint
46
what type of movement does a condyloid joint permit?
mostly single plane movement, but some axial rotation and planar motion allowed
47
describe the shape of a condyloid joint
like a hinge joint, but with two concavo-convex surfaces
48
what type of joint is the knee/stifle?
condyloid joint
49
what type of joint is the ankle/hock?
condyloid joint
50
what type of joint is the TMJ?
condyloid joint
51
what type of joint geometry is this?
ellipsoidal joint
52
describe the shape of an ellipsoidal joint
both surfaces are convex in the same direction
53
what type of motion is permitted by an ellipsoidal joint?
two plane motion: long and short axes of the ellipse
54
what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint in dogs?
ellipsoidal joint
55
what joint geometry is this?
saddle joint
56
describe the shape of a saddle joint
one surface is concave, the other convex
57
which is more stable, saddle or ellipsoidal joints?
saddle
58
what movement does a saddle joint permit?
two plane motion at right angles to each other
59
what type of joint is the distal interphalangeal joint in carnivores?
saddle joint
60
what type of joint is the thumb joint in humans?
saddle joint
61
what type of joint geometry is this?
ball-and-socket joint
62
what type of movement is permitted by a ball and socket joint?
nearly all rotational movements permitted
63
describe the shape of a ball and socket joint
one surface is rounded (ball) that fits into the other surface, a fossa (socket)
64
what type of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket
65
what type of joint is the shoulder in apes/humans?
ball and socket
66
what type of joint are glenohumeral joints, not in apes/humans?
ellipsoidal
67
which joints are more prone to injuries?
ones that are weight bearing
68
what happens when you go distally down a limb, in relation to joints?
the joints bear more weight the more distal they become, which means they are more prone to injury
69
what is the proposed function of menisci?
restraint in axial rotation, maintain congruence of joint
70
label this image
left canine stifle, cranial view
A: patella
B: patellar ligament
C: femoropatellar ligament
D: medial collateral ligament
E: lateral collateral ligament
F: lateral meniscus
G: medial meniscus
H: cranial cruciate ligament
71
label this image
left canine stifle, caudal view
A: caudal cruciate ligament
72
label this image
canine stifle, lateral view
A: cranail cruciate ligament
B: caudal cruciate ligament
73
how do you tell the difference between the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments?
cranial: anterior attachment is to tibia, posterior attachment is to femur
caudal: anterior attachment is to femur, posterior attachment is to tibia
74
what prevents axial torsion?
cruciate ligaments with collateral ligaments
75
what does the cranial cruciate ligament do?
prevents cranial tibial translation
76
what ligament is at risk in stifle extension in a dog stifle?
cranial cruciate ligament
77
what does the caudal cruciate ligament do ?
prevents caudal tibial translation
78
which is weakest in flexion, the cranial or caudal cruciate ligament?
caudal
79
what happens when there is a sudden change of direction with the foot fixed and the stifle extended?
causes torsion at stifle --\> meniscal + cranial cruciate ligament tear
80
what is the passive stay apparatus in horses?
mechanisms in stifle to lock the joint in position without using muscles --\> sleep standing up
81
label this image
left horse stifle, cranial view
A: patella
B: lateral patellar ligament
C: intermediate patellar ligament
D: medial patellar ligament
E: parapatellar ligament
F: trochlea of femur
82
describe how the passive stay apparatus works in horses?
when the stifle is extended, the patella locks against the trochlea and the medial patellar ligament and parapatellar ligament hook over the medial trochlear ridge
83
label this image
right horse stifle, caudal view
A: cranial cruciate ligament
B: caudal cruciate ligament
84
what type of joint is the tibiofibular joint in a dog?
syndesmosis
85
what type of joint is the talocrual joint in a dog?
condyloid
86
what movement does the talocrual joint in a dog permit?
F/E
87
what reinforces the talocrual joint?
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
88
what bones make up the talocrual joint?
tibia, fibula, talus
89
what type of joints are the intertarsal joints in a dog? what movements do they permit?
synovial joints, but heavily restricted in movement by ligaments
90
what is the cochlea?
the reciprocal surface of the trochlea on the tibia
91
label this image
left horse tarsus, medial view
A: plantar ligament
B: medial collateral ligament
C: calcaneus
D: tibia
E: splint bone
92
label this image
left horse tarsus, lateral view
A: calcaneus
B: plantar ligament
C: tibia
D: lateral collateral ligament
E: splint bone
93
what is the fetlock?
joint between the proximal phalanx and metacarpal/metatarsal III
94
what type of joint is the fetlock?
hinge joint
95
what does the keel do on the trochlea of MC/MT III?
prevents axial motion and translation side to side. only F/E allowed
96
label this image
horse fetlock, palmar view
A: straight sesamoidean ligament
B; oblique sesamoidean ligament
C: palmar annual ligament
97
where is the pastern joint?
between the proximal phalanx and intermediate phalanx
98
where is the coffin joint?
between the intermediate phalanx and the distal phalanx
99
what do the axial and abaxial ligaments in the pastern do?
make sure the joint doesn't go into over extension
100
Label this image
horse fetlock, palmar view
1: interosseus
2: proximal sesamoids connected with palmar ligament
3: collateral sesamoidean ligament
4: straight sesamoidean ligament
5: oblique sesamoidean ligament
6: stump of superficial digital flexor
7: axial palmar ligament
7': abaxial palmar ligament
8: hoof cartilage
9: stump of deep digital flexor
101
label this image
horse left fetlock, dorsolateral view
1: common digital extensor
2: lateral digital extensor
3: lateral splint bone
4: interosseus
5: deep digital flexor
6: superficial digital flexor
7: extensor branch of interosseus
8: palmar annual ligament
9: proximal digital annular ligament
10: distal digital annular ligament
11: palmar pouch of fetlock joint (don't need to know)
12: digital sheath
102
label this image
horse fetlock
1: large metacarpal bone
2: proximal phalanx
3: intermediate phalanx
4: distal phalanx
4': digital cushion
5: proximal sesamoid bone
6: navicular bone
7: dorsal pouch of fetlock joint (don't need to know)
8, 9: dorsal pouch of pastern and coffin joints (don't need to know)
10: navicula bursa (don't need to know)
11: interosseus
12: straight sesamoidean ligament
13: deep digital flexor
14: digital sheath
15: connective tissue bridge
16: distal navicular ligament
17: common digital extensor
18: superficial flexor
103
how many carpal elements do dogs, horses, cows, and pigs have?
dog: 7
horse: 7, 8 if pisiform present
cow: 6
pig: 8
104
what is the purpose of the accessory carpal bone?
assist in wrist flexion
105
where are blood vessels and nerves located in the distal limb? why?
laterally and medially
to avoid pinching in F/E
106
label this image
horse fetlock, palmar view
1: splint bones
2: interosseus
3: superficial digital flexor
4: deep digital flexor
107
label this image
horse fetlock in palmar view
1: splint bones
2: interosseus
3: superficial digital flexor
4: deep digital flexor
5: palmar annular ligament
6: proximal digital annular ligament
7: distal digital annular ligament
8: digital sheath
9: palmar pouch of fetlock joint (don't need to know)
108
label this image
horse distal limb
A: proximal sesamoid bones
B: palmar annular ligament
109
label this image
horse left fetlock, lateral view
A: extensor branch of interosseus
B: lateral digital extensor
C: interosseus
D: common digital extensor
110
label this image
horse distal limb
A: deep digital flexor
B: superficial digital flexor
C: interosseus
111
label this image
horse distal limb
A: superficial digital flexor
112
label this image
horse distal limb, cranial view
what side is this leg from?
A: common digital extensor
B: lateral digital extensor
left side
113
label this image
horse fetlock, caudal view
A: proximal sesamoid bones
B: straight sesamoidean ligament
C: oblique sesamoidean ligament
D: axial palmar ligaments
E: superficial flexor
F: deep flexor
114
label this image
horse fetlock, caudal view
A: superficial digital flexor
B: palmar annular ligament
C: proximal digital annular ligament
D: deep digital flexor
E: distal digital annular ligament
115
label this image
horse left fetlock, lateral view
A: superficial digital flexor
B: interosseus
C: common digital extensor
D: lateral digital extensor
E: palmar annular ligament
F: collateral sesamoidean ligament
G: extensor branch of the interosseus
H: oblique sesamoidean ligament
I: proximal digital annular ligament
J: deep digital flexor
K: distal digital annular ligament
116
label this image
horse fetlock, cranial view
what side is it from?
A: common digital extensor
B: lateral digital extensor
C: digital sheath
D: extensor branch of the interosseus
left
