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VETM 320 > Skull and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Skull and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between the head skeleton and the skull?

A

skull: braincase + face, ear ossicles
head skeleton: skull + mandible + hyoid apparatus + cartilages of ear, nose, larynx

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skull?

A

housing/protecting brain and special senses
gateway for respiratory and digestive tracts
base of attachment of muscles of mastication
mediating behaviours (facial expressions, vocalizations)

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3
Q

how is the skull divided?

A

into braincase and face

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4
Q

how do skull bones develop?

A

intramembranous growth

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5
Q

how do skull bones fuse generally?

A

into sutures (syndesmoses)

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6
Q

how are skull bones separated in an immature skull?

A

by narrow strips of fibrous tissue

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7
Q

most skull bones form by intramembranous growth. what are the exceptions?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital formed by endochondral bone growth

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8
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

cranial vault - formed by intramembranous bone growth

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9
Q

what is the chondrocranium?

A

cranial base - formed by endochondral bone growth

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10
Q

what 3 paired bones form the vault of the braincase?

A

frontals, parietals, temporals

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11
Q

what are hte 4 unpaired bones that form the midline in the braincase?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, intraparietal

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12
Q

label bones 6, 7, 9

A

6 = frontals

7 = parietals

9 = temporals

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13
Q

label bones 12+14, 8, and the arrow

A

12+14 = sphenoid

8 = occipital

arrow: intraparietal

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14
Q

label A, B, and C

A

A: rostral fossa

B: middle fossa

C: caudal fossa

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15
Q

what are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?

A

rostral, middle, caudal

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16
Q

what is the rostral fossa bounded by?

A

sphenoid floor, ethmoid wall, frontal roof

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17
Q

what does the rostral fossa house?

A

frontal and olfactory lobes

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18
Q

what bounds the middle fossa?

A

sphenoid floor, frontal/parietal wall and roof

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19
Q

what is housed in the middle fossa?

A

temporal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

what bounds the caudal fossa?

A

temporal and occipital floor & wall, parietal roof

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21
Q

what does the caudal fossa house?

A

hindbrain and brainstem

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22
Q

what are sinuses?

A

cavities between inner and outer layers of specific bones

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23
Q

what are the facial bones?

A

bones that support the face, teeth, nasal and oral cavities

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24
Q

label bones 10, 3, 4, 1, 2, 11, 13

A

10 = zygomatics

3 = maxillae

4 = lacrimals

1 = nasals

2 = incisives

11 = palatines

13 = pterygoids

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25
label bone A (in blue)
vomer
26
how is the mandible linked?
fused at mandibular symphysis
27
what are the nasal cavities? what are their bony margins?
facial part of respiratory passages margins: nasal aperture to chonanae
28
what the conchae/turbinates?
scroll-like paper-thin bones in nasal cavity
29
what is the function of conchae?
covered with mucosa, slow down, warm, and clense inspired air
30
what defines the meatuses?
conchae
31
what bone is the cribiform plate part of?
ethmoid
32
where is the synovial joint in the braincase?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
33
what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
synovial, condylar
34
where is the synchondrosis in the skull?
mandibular symphysis
35
what does the foramen magnum do?
allows brain stem and spinal cord to exit brain
36
label bones 15 and 21
15 = quadrate 21 = articular
37
what do the quadrate and articular become in mammals?
middle ear bones
38
what is a sclerotic ring?
ring of bone inside the orbit in birds
39
what is the incisive called in birds?
premaxilla
40
how many occipital condyles do birds have?
1
41
what are the cranial nerves?
nerves that originate in the brain cranial continuation of spinal nerve tracts
42
what are the nerves that come out of the dorsal root?
somatic and visceral afferent
43
what are the nerves that come out of the ventral root?
somatic and visceral efferent
44
what do the somatic afferent nerves do?
exteroreceptive (pain, heat, touch), proprioception, vision, hearing, balance
45
what do visceral afferent nerves do?
enteroreception (stretch, chemical), smell, taste
46
what do visceral efferent nerves do?
smooth muscle (autonomic nervous sytem)
47
what do somatic efferent nerves do?
striated muscle
48
true or false: CN with more than 1 functional component arise from 1 nucleus
false. they arise from more than 1 nucleus
49
true or false: some nuclei give rise to more than 1 cranial nerve
true
50
what is the order of the cranial nerves?
I - olfactory II - optic III - oculomotor IV - trochlear V - trigeminal VI - abducent VII - facial VIII - vestibulocochlear IX - glossopharyngeal X - vagus XI - accessory XII - hypoglossal
51
list the functional components of the cranial nerves (sensory, motor, both)
I - sensory II - sensory III - motor IV - motor V - both VI - motor VII - both VIII - sensory IX - both X - both XI - motor XII - motor
52
list the functional compontents of the cranial nerves (visceral, somatic, both)
I - visceral II - somatic III - both IV - somatic V - somatic VI - somatic VII - both VIII - somatic IX - both X - both XI - somatic XII - somatic
53
describe the path the olfactory nerve (I) takes from the brain to where it innervates
olfactory bulbs --\> cribiform plate --\> nasal epithelium in ethmoid conchae
54
what is the function of the olfactory nerve (I)?
sense of olfaction (smell)
55
describe the path the optic nerve (II) takes from the brain to where it innervates
diencephalon --\> optic chiasm --\> optic canal --\> retina
56
what does the optic nerve (II) do?
sense of vision
57
describe the path the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) takes from the brain to where it innervates
lateral medulla --\> internal acoustic meatus --\> inner ear (vestibule and cochlea)
58
describe the path the trochlear nerve (IV) takes from the brain to where it innervates
midbrain --\> orbital fissure/foramen orbitorotundum --\> dorsal oblique muscle of eye
59
what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?
hearing and balance
60
what is the function of the trochlear nerve (IV)?
movement of eye
61
describe the path the abducent nerve (VI) takes from the brain to where it innervates
medulla --\> orbital fissure/foramen orbitorotundum --\> lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscles in eye
62
what is the function of the abducent nerve (VI)?
movement of eye
63
what is the difference between the orbital fissure or foramen orbitorotundum?
pig and cow have a fused orbital fissure and round window --\> foramen orbitorotundum dogs and horses have two separate holes
64
describe the path the hypoglossal nerve (XII) takes from the brain to where it innervates
medulla --\> hypoglossal canal --\> tongue muscles
65
what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?
movement of tongue
66
describe the path the oculomotor nerve (III) takes from the brain to where it innervates
crus cerebri --\> orbital fissure --\> dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, ventral oblique, levator palpebri, ciliary muscles, pupil constrictors in eye
67
what is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III)?
movemnet of eye, control of light entering eye
68
what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) called?
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
69
describe the path the opthalmic trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates
pons --\> orbital fissure --\> orbit/frontal area
70
describe the path the maxillary trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates
pons --\> round window --\> infraorbital, nasal, maxillary areas
71
describe the path the mandibular trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates
pons --\> oval window --\> mastication muscles, mandibular area
72
what is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V)?
external eyeball, skin of skull, vibrissae and upper teeth, jaw, skin of lower face, teeth of lower jaw, mouth, tongue
73
describe the path the facial nerve (VII) takes from the brain to where it innervates
medulla --\> internal autitory meatus --\> stylomastoid foramen --\> lacrimal glands and paranasal sinuses, rostral 2/3 taste buds, stapedius muscle, muscles of facial expression, oropharynx
74
what is the function of the facial nerve (VII)?
jaw and face muscles, taste in rostral 2/3 of tongue
75
describe the path the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) takes from the brain to where it innervates
medulla --\> jugular foramen --\> pharynx, parotid gland, caudal 1/3 of tongue --\> pharyngeal plexus
76
what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?
sense of gustation in caudal 1/3 of tongue, sensations of throat region
77
describe the path the vagus nerve (X) takes from the brain to where it innervates
medulla --\> jugular foramen --\> upper body from neck down to abdomen
78
what is the function of the vagus nerve (V)?
contraction and sensation of upper body region
79
describe the path the accessory nerve (XI) takes from the brain to where it innervates
spinal cord --\> foramen magnum --\> jugular foramen --\> brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, dorsal trap, sternocephalicus
80
what is the function of the accessory nerve (XI)?
movement of neck and pharynx
81
label this image
A: frontal B: nasal C:incisive D: maxilla E: lacrimal F: zygomatic G: parietal H: temporal
82
what bone is this?
mandible
83
label these structures
A: occipital B: interparietal bone
84
label these bones
A: sphenoid B: vomer C: pterygoid D: palatine
85
what is the blue circle? what bones make it up?
zygomatic process zygomatic bone and temporal bone
86
what is the structure in the blue circle?
sagittal crest
87
label the arrows and circles
A: mandibular fossa B: mastoid process C: tympanic bulla D: external auditory meatus red circle: squamous part green circle: petrous part pink circle: tympanic part
88
label these structures
A: foramen magnum B: nuchal crest C: hypoglossal canal D: occipital condyle E: paracondylar process F: external occipital protuberance
89
label these structures
A: retroarticular process B: tympanic bulla C: paraoccipital process D: occipital condyle
90
what are structures A and B?
A: jugular foramen B: internal auditory meatus
91
what is this structure?
infraorbital foramen
92
what structure is this?
cribiform plate
93
label these structures
A: optic canal B: orbital fissure C: rostral alar canal
94
what is structure A?
A: caudal alar canal
95
label structures A, B, and the orange pipe cleaner
A: oval window B: round window orange pipe cleaner: alar canal

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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