Integument

Question 1

are antlers part of the integument? why or why not?

Answer 1

no

they’re made of bone

Question 2

areas focused on a lot of wear tend to be ____

(thicker/thinner/same as rest of body)

Answer 2

thicker

Question 3

what are the functions of the integument?

Answer 3

encloses body

protection

thermoregulation

hydration

sensory organ

communication

Question 4

what is the main protein found in the epidermis?

Answer 4

keratin

Question 5

is the epidermis stronger or weaker than the dermis?

Answer 5

weaker

Question 6

what are the functions of the epidermis?

Answer 6

resistant to friction

inhibits diffusion

sustains homeostasis

Question 7

what is the main protein found in the dermis?

Answer 7

collagen

Question 8

what helps the dermis move and fold?

Answer 8

elastic fibers

Question 9

what part of the integument is innervated and vascular?

Answer 9

dermis

Question 10

can the dermis maintain homeostasis?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

is the subcutis part of the integument? what are the other names for this region?

Answer 11

no

hypodermis or superficial fascia

Question 12

what does the subcutis do?

Answer 12

allows dermis to move/slide over underlying tissues

Question 13

what are the 3 types of hair?

Answer 13

tactile, guard hair, wool hair

Question 14

what is tactile hair used for?

Answer 14

sensation

Question 15

what is the difference between wool hair and guard hair?

Answer 15

guard hair is on top, straight, stiff, longer

wool hair is underneath guard hair, fine, wavy, short, densely packed

Question 16

where are hair follicles in the integument?

Answer 16

products of the epidermis, but sometimes reach into dermis or subcutis

Question 17

what is a follicle?

Answer 17

group of cells that have lined up in a column/pit

Question 18

what is hair?

Answer 18

keratinized cells fused together to form a long, linear structure

Question 19

what kind of follicles make guard hair?

Answer 19

primary follicles

Question 20

what type of hair is associated with skin glands? what skin glands are they?

Answer 20

guard hair, sebaceous glands

Question 21

what type of hair do the errector pili muscles attach to?

Answer 21

guard hair/primary hair follicles

Question 22

what do errector pili muscles do?

Answer 22

make hair stand on end

Question 23

what type of hair sheds? which type of hair doesn’t shed?

Answer 23

shed: guard hair

no shed: wool hair

Question 24

what type of follicle produces wool hair?

Answer 24

secondary follicles

Question 25

where do the follicles of tactile hair reside?

Answer 25

subcutis

Question 26

what type of hair has a blood sinus at the base of it? why is it there?

Answer 26

tactile hair when hair is disturbed, there's a fluid wave that enhances the sense of motion --\> stimulates nerves associated with it

Question 27

how are the layers of the integument organized in foot pads?

Answer 27

epidermis is densely cornified subcutis is thick dermis is same thickness as other parts of body, but thrown up into dermal papillae

Question 28

label this photo of a claw

Answer 28

4: nail layer 5: sole 6: bulb

Question 29

what is the bulb of the distal phalanx?

Answer 29

fleshy part of the claw

Question 30

label this image of a horse hoof

Answer 30

2: hoof wall 2': heel 2": bar 3: sole 4': frog 4": bulb of heel 5: white line

Question 31

what layer of integument is nail/hoof wall derived from?

Answer 31

piece of dermis

Question 32

what is the periople made of?

Answer 32

keratinized material

Question 33

where is the periople derived from?

Answer 33

epidermis

Question 34

where is the pigmentation found in a horse hoof?

Answer 34

external coronary segment

Question 35

how does the dermis give rise to nail/hoof?

Answer 35

dermal papillae form tubular horn between each tubular structure is intertubular space, which makes intertubular horn

Question 36

what is the function of intertubular horn?

Answer 36

binds tubular horn structures together

Question 37

label this image

Answer 37

A: periople B: external coronary segment C: middlle coronary segment D: inner coronary segment E: crest horn F: terminal horn G: white line H: coronary band of dermis I: dermal papillae that produce tubular horn J: laminar dermis K: sole papillae L: sole horn M: terminal horn

Question 38

how does the texture of the periople change over time?

Answer 38

begins as a rubbery material as it dries, forms a shiny layer on surface of hoof

Question 39

what is the difference between laminar dermis and coronary dermis in a hoof?\

Answer 39

laminar dermis produces lamellae coronary dermis produces papillae

Question 40

does the laminar dermis produce more/less/the same amount of horn material than/as the coronary dermis?

Answer 40

less

Question 41

what is the terminal horn of a hoof?

Answer 41

the area where the finger-like projections are changing from lamellae back to papillae

Question 42

what is the material produced by the terminal horn like compared with other parts of the dermis?

Answer 42

not the same quality, softer and whiter --\> produces the white line

Question 43

what is coronary cushion in a hoof?

Answer 43

subcutis tissue

Question 44

where is coronary cushion located on a hoof?

Answer 44

near bulb of foot, proximally on hoof disappears as you go distally towards the coffin

Question 45

what is structure A?

Answer 45

coronary cushion

Question 46

what are the differences between a horse hoof and a ruminant hoof?

Answer 46

ruminant: coronary band is longer, laminar dermis is shorter, no middle coronary segment, sole much shorter, periople longer

Question 47

label this image

Answer 47

A: coronary band B: laminar dermis/lamellae

Question 48

are horns present in both sexes? what about antlers?

Answer 48

horns: both sexes antlers: only males (caribou the exception)

Question 49

what is a polled animal?

Answer 49

born naturally without horns in a species that is supposed to have horns ex. domestic cows

Question 50

what are antlers?

Answer 50

projections grown out of the frontal bone

Question 51

are horns shed?

Answer 51

no

Question 52

are antlers shed?

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

label this image of a horn

Answer 53

1: frontal sinus 2: cornual surface of frontal bone 3: dermis + epidermis combined 4: horn tubules separated by intertubule horn 5: tubular horn 6: dermal papillae 7: hair follicles

Question 54

on domestic birds, what is the dermis and epidermis like in integument projections (like the comb)?

Answer 54

epidermis: thin dermis: thick and vascular

Question 55

is the beak of a bird part of the integument? why or why not?

Answer 55

yes, it's a hard horny cover produced by the tissues that cover the lower and upper jaw

Question 56

what covers the legs of birds?

Answer 56

scales

Question 57

what are the skin glands present in birds?

Answer 57

uropygial, aural, and vent

Question 58

what is the uropygial gland?

Answer 58

preening gland in birds --\> water proofing and oiling feathers

Question 59

what is the skin of birds like?

Answer 59

thin, loose, tears easily, poorly supplied with nerves and blood vessels

Question 60

what are pterylae?

Answer 60

tracks of feathers

Question 61

what are apterylae?

Answer 61

places on birds that are naturally featherless

Question 62

what is pterylosis?

Answer 62

placement of feathers on a bird

Question 63

feathers are modified \_\_\_

Answer 63

scales

Question 64

which side of the feather is the outer vane? what about the inner vane?

Answer 64

outer vane = smaller side inner vane = bigger side

Question 65

what are contour feathers?

Answer 65

feathers on the outside of the bird, used for flight, waterproofing, shape, etc

Question 66

what are downy feathers?

Answer 66

on inside layer of bird, used for insulation

Question 67

what are structures A and B?

Answer 67

A: shaft B: vanes

Question 68

what is the geometry of a downy feather like?

Answer 68

no shaft or vanes, whispy barbules

Question 69

how to contour feathers maintain thier shape?

Answer 69

barbs and barbules link together to keep a coherant shape preening brings back separated barbs/barbules

Question 70

what shape are the cells in the stratum basale?

Answer 70

cuboidal

Question 71

what occurs in the stratum basale?

Answer 71

mitosis

Question 72

what are Merkel cells used for?

Answer 72

somatosensory

Question 73

what are Langerhans cells used for?

Answer 73

immune system

Question 74

what are the granules in the cells of the stratum granulosume?

Answer 74

keratin

Question 75

what is the geometry of the dermis?

Answer 75

collagen fiber matrix

Question 76

where are adipocytes found?

Answer 76

subcutis

Question 77

glands and follicles are products of the \_\_\_ (dermis/epidermis)

Answer 77

epidermis

Question 78

label this image

Answer 78

A: stratum corneum B: stratum lucidum C: statrum granulocum D: stratum spinosum E: stratum basale