kidneys

Question 0

Functional unit

Answer 0

Nephron

Question 1

Functions of kidneys

Answer 1

Urine formation
 ph regulation 
Body fluids and electrolytes reg
Long term blood pressure reg
Erythropoiesis

Question 2

3 processes of urine formation

Answer 2

Filtration
Reabsorption
Section

Question 3

Urine formation location

Answer 3

Cortex

Question 4

Glomerular filtration

Answer 4

First step on urine formation
A physical proces

Water and solutes filter out of blood into Norman’s capsule
Through glomerular capsular membrane

Question 5

Fluid filters out of glomeruli
Into bowmans capsules due to of a pressure gradient from hydrostatic pressure inside glomeruli ( which is really high due to afferent artery is larger than efferent artery)
More volume gets in then out in time unit
Opposing the plasma tic oncotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure in the filtrate

Answer 5

.

Question 6

GlomerulAr filtration rate

Answer 6

125 mL/min

Question 7

Filtration pressure 3 types

Answer 7

Glomerular capillary pressure 45 mmHg out
Colloid osmotic pressure - 28
Capsule pressure -10

= 7 mmHg

Question 8

Filtration reabsorption

Answer 8

80% proximal convoluted tubules

Question 9

Loop of henle

Answer 9

25 mL/min enter 
10 mL/min water permeability  reabsorbed - descending -goes out 
15 goes to distal tubules 
13 reabsorbed
2 in collecting duct

Question 10

Ascending loop of Henley

Answer 10

Permeable to sodium

Uses energy

Question 11

Collecting duct

Answer 11

Absorb water
With ADH

1ml/l is lost as urine by nephron

Question 12

Filtrate definitions

Answer 12

Fluids and solutes circulating in glomeruli due hydrostatic pressure
180liters per day
Includes everything but blood cells and large proteins

Question 13

Filtrate is isotonic with plasma

Answer 13

.

Question 14

Urine

Answer 14

Daily volume 1.5 liters per day

Question 15

Glomerular filtration regulation

Answer 15

Kidneys intrinsic or auto regulatory system

Maintains rates despises changes in blood pressure

Question 16

Total blood volume filtration.

Answer 16

Every 45 mins
Ecf is reworked in the kidneys more than 10 times a day

99% of gfr is reabsorbed

Question 17

Active reabsorption

Vagil

Answer 17

Glucose 
Amino acids
Lactat e
Vitamins 
Most ions 

Vagil

Question 18

Transport maximum for glucose

Answer 18

375 mg/min

Question 19

Protein absorption

Answer 19

Pinocytotic

Question 20

Sodium drags

Answer 20

Chloride and carbonic acid
Depending on pH

And osmotic water to proximal tubules

Question 21

Proximal tubule reabsorption.

Answer 21

Sodium 
Glucose 
Potassium
Amino acid
Carbonic acid
Phosphate 
Water (no ADH) 
Urea 

75-80% of water and sodium reabsorbed

Question 22

Proximal tubules secretion

Answer 22

Hydrogen ion

Foreign substances

Question 23

loop of henle

Answer 23

conc of urine (countercurrent of mechanism)
descending loop - water reabsorption and sodium diffuse in
ascending loop- sodium reabsorbed -active transport , water stays in

hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic

Question 24

distal tubules

Answer 24

reabsorption sodium h2o (ADH required) HCO3 secretion of k urea h+ NH3+ drug isotonic or hypotonic

Question 25

connecting duct

Answer 25

reabsorption of h2o ADH required ``` reabsorption or secretion of sodium potassium hydrogen ammonia ``` final concentration=tonicty

Question 26

reabsorption of sodium and water in distal and collecting tubules are regulated by hormones and body needs

Answer 26

no hormones = no reabsorption

Question 27

ADH

Answer 27

high h2o reabsorption at distal and collecting duct

Question 28

aldosterone

Answer 28

high sodium reabsorption at distal and cortical collecting duct

Question 29

Filtration

Answer 29

Across filtration membrane into the lumen of bowmans capsule to form filtrate

Question 30

Reabsorption

Answer 30

Solute are reabsorbed are absorbed across the wall of the nephron by active transport and. Cotransport Water - nephron osmosis

Question 31

Secretion

Answer 31

Wall of the nephron into the filtrate

Question 32

3 filtration pressure

Answer 32

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure 55mmhg Blood colloid osmotic pressure 30mmhg Capsular hydrostatic pressure 15

Question 33

Secretion

Answer 33

Further secretion Occurs at peri tubular capillary And tubular cells - distal tubules Example potassium hydrogen creatinine ammonia and drugs

Question 34

During bypass hemodilution

Answer 34

Oncotic pressure decreased filtrate increase | Increase urine output

Question 35

Concentration dilution of urine

Answer 35

Mechanism works to control total body water and ions Water increase dilution Responsible juxtamedullary nephron - loop of henle extends to medulla

Question 36

Countercurrent multiplication

Answer 36

Osmolarity of lumen and tissues surrounding the loop increases toward the papilla Collecting ducts are permeable to water under certain circumstances

Question 37

Vasa recta

Answer 37

For water and blood relationship Play role in formation of concentrated urine If urine needs to be concentrated Water will decrease blood become hyperosmolar

Question 38

Sensor controller

Answer 38

In hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Question 39

Hypothalamus

Answer 39

``` Monitors blood osmolarity If up water is down Blood shrinks Posterior pituitary gland releases adh increase water reabsorbed Turns on countercurrent ```

Question 40

Urea

Answer 40

Help in the osmolarity of interstitial tissue near papilla Blood flow to both kidneys is 21% of co 1200 ml/min

Question 41

Acid -base balance | First defense

Answer 41

Buffer system which do not eliminate or add proton - homeostasis

Question 42

Acid base balance | Second defense

Answer 42

By lungs Increase or decreased by co2 elimination Carbonic and bicarbonate buffer system

Question 43

Acid base balance | Third defense

Answer 43

Kidneys | Correct problem by excreting acidic or basic urine

Question 44

Alkalosis

Answer 44

``` Highly basic Decrease reabsorption hco3- in kidneys Decrease hydrogen buffer Increase hco3- excretion Increas h+ decrease pH ```

Question 45

Acidosis

Answer 45

Increased hydrogen conc in ECF Kidneys reabsorbed hco3 Opposite alkalosis

Question 46

Kidneys control ph by

Answer 46

Secretion of h+ Reabsorption of hco3 And production of hco3