L1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
abatement
A
[ə’beitmənt] n. 减少；消除；减轻
Noun.1 : the act or process of abating : the state of being abated
2 : an amount abated; especially : a deduction from the full amount of a tax
2
Q
abbreviate
A
[ə’bri:vieit] vt. 缩写，使省略；使简短
vi. 使用缩写词
vt.: to make briefer; especially : to reduce to a shorter form intended to stand for the whole
synonyms see SHORTEN
3
Q
aberrant
A
[æ’berənt] adj. [化]异常的；[生]畸变的；脱离常轨的；[医]迷乱的
Adj.1 : straying from the right or normal way
2 : deviating from the usual or natural type : ATYPICAL
Noun.1 : an aberrant group, individual, or structure
2 : a person whose behavior departs substantially from the standard
4
Q
aberration
A
[,æbə’reiʃən] n. 失常；离开正路，越轨
Noun.1 : the fact or an instance of being aberrant especially from a moral standard or normal state
2 : failure of a mirror, refracting surface, or lens to produce exact point-to-point correspondence between an object and its image
3 : unsoundness or disorder of the mind
4 : a small periodic change of apparent position in celestial bodies due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer
5 : an aberrant individual
5
Q
abet
A
[ə’bet] vt. 煽动，教唆；支持
vt.1 : to actively second and encourage (as an activity or plan) : FORWARD
2 : to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose abetted the thief in his getaway
synonyms see INCITE
6
Q
abeyance
A
[ə’beiəns] n. 中止，停顿；归属待定，暂搁
Noun.1 : a lapse in succession during which there is no person in whom a title is vested
2 : temporary inactivity : SUSPENSION
7
Q
abhor
A
[əb’hɔ:] vt. 痛恨，憎恶
vt.: to regard with extreme repugnance : LOATHE
synonyms see HATE
8
Q
ablaze
A
[ə’bleiz] adj. 着火的；闪耀的；激昂的
adv. 着火；闪耀
Adj or adv.1 : being on fire
2 : radiant with light or emotion his face all ablaze with excitement ?Bram Stoker
9
Q
abolition
A
[,æbəu’liʃən] n. 废除；废止
Noun.1 : the act of abolishing : the state of being abolished
2 : the abolishing of slavery
10
Q
abrasive
A
[ə’breisiv] adj. 粗糙的；有研磨作用的；伤人感情的
n. 研磨料
Noun. : a substance (as emery or pumice) used for abrading, smoothing, or polishing
Adj.1 : tending to abrade
2 : causing irritation abrasive manners
11
Q
abreast
A
[ə’brest] adv. 并肩地；并列
adj. 并排的；肩并肩的
Adv or adj.1 : beside one another with bodies in line columns of men five abreast
2 : up to a particular standard or level especially of knowledge of recent developments keeps abreast of the news
12
Q
absent
A
[‘æbsənt, æb’sent] adj. 缺席的；缺少的；心不在焉的；茫然的
vt. 使缺席
Adj.1 : not present or attending : MISSING
2 : not existing : LACKING danger in a situation where power is absent ?M. H. Trytten
3 : lost in thought : not attentive
synonyms see ABSTRACTED
vt. : to keep (oneself) away
Prep. : in the absence of : WITHOUT
13
Q
abstain
A
[əb’stein] vi. 自制；放弃；避免
Intransitive verb.: to refrain deliberately and often with an effort of self-denial from an action or practice abstain from drinking
14
Q
abstract
A
[‘æbstrækt, æb’strækt] n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念
adj. 抽象的；深奥的
vt. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化
vi. 做摘要；写梗概
Adj.1 a : disassociated from any specific instance an abstract entity b : difficult to understand : ABSTRUSE abstract problems c : insufficiently factual : FORMAL possessed only an abstract right
2 : expressing a quality apart from an object the word poem is concrete, poetry is abstract
3 a : dealing with a subject in its abstract aspects : THEORETICAL abstract science b : IMPERSONAL, DETACHED the abstract compassion of a surgeon ?Time
4 : having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content abstract painting
Noun.1 : a summary of points (as of a writing) usually presented in skeletal form; also : something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things
2 : an abstract thing or state
3 : ABSTRACTION 4a
transitive verb
1 : REMOVE, SEPARATE
2 : to consider apart from application to or association with a particular instance
3 : to make an abstract of : SUMMARIZE
4 : to draw away the attention of
5 : STEAL, PURLOIN
intransitive verb : to make an abstraction
15
Q
abstruse
A
[æb’stru:s] adj. 深奥的；难懂的
Adj.: difficult to comprehend : RECONDITE the abstruse calculations of mathematicians
16
Q
absurd
A
[əb’sə:d] adj. 荒谬的；可笑的
n. 荒诞；荒诞作品
Adj.1 : ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous an absurd argument
2 : having no rational or orderly relationship to human life : MEANINGLESS an absurd universe; also : lacking order or value an absurd existence
3 : dealing with the absurd or with absurdism absurd theater
Noun.: the state or condition in which human beings exist in an irrational and meaningless universe and in which human life has no ultimate meaning ? usually used with the
17
Q
abut
A
[ə’bʌt] vi. 邻接；毗邻；紧靠
vt. 邻接；毗邻；紧靠
Intransitive verb
1 : to touch along a border or with a projecting part land abuts on the road
2 a : to terminate at a point of contact b : to lean for support
transitive verb
1 : to border on their property abuts our land
2 : to cause to abut
18
Q
abysmal
A
[ə’bizməl] adj. 深不可测的；糟透的；极度的
Adj.1 a : having immense or fathomless extension downward, backward, or inward an abysmal cliff b : immeasurably great : PROFOUND abysmal ignorance c : immeasurably low or wretched abysmal living conditions of the poor
2 : ABYSSAL 2
19
Q
academic
A
[,ækə’demik] adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的
n. 大学生，大学教师；学者
Noun.1 : a member of an institution of learning
2 : a person who is academic in background, outlook, or methods
3 plural : academic subjects has no interest in academics
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or associated with an academy or school especially of higher learning b : of or relating to performance in academic courses academic excellence c : very learned but inexperienced in practical matters academic thinkers d : based on formal study especially at an institution of higher learning
2 : of or relating to literary or artistic rather than technical or professional studies
3 a : THEORETICAL, SPECULATIVE an academic question b : having no practical or useful significance
4 : conforming to the traditions or rules of a school (as of literature or art) or an official academy : CONVENTIONAL academic painting
20
Q
accede
A
[æk'si:d] vi. 加入；同意；就任 Intransitive verb.1 a : to become a party (as to an agreement) b : to express approval or give consent : give in to a request or demand 2 archaic : APPROACH 3 : to enter upon an office or position synonyms see ASSENT
21
Q
accelerate
A
[ək’seləreit] vt. 使……加快；使……增速
vi. 加速；促进；增加
Transitive verb
1 : to bring about at an earlier time accelerate their departure
2 : to cause to move faster accelerated his steps; also : to cause to undergo acceleration
3 a : to hasten the progress or development of accelerate our efforts b : INCREASE accelerate food production
4 a : to enable (a student) to complete a course in less than usual time b : to speed up (as a course of study)
intransitive verb
1 a : to move faster : gain speed the car slowly accelerated b : GROW, INCREASE inflation was accelerating
2 : to follow an accelerated educational program
22
Q
accentuate
A
[æk’sentjueit] vt. 强调；重读
vt.: ACCENT, EMPHASIZE; also : INTENSIFY accentuates the feeling of despair
23
Q
accessible
A
[ək’sesəbl] adj. 易接近的；可进入的；可理解的
Adj.1 : providing access
2 a : capable of being reached accessible by rail; also : being within reach fashions at accessible prices b : easy to communicate or deal with accessible people
3 : capable of being influenced : OPEN accessible to new ideas
4 : capable of being used or seen : AVAILABLE the collection is not currently accessible
5 : capable of being understood or appreciated the author’s most accessible stories an accessible film
24
Q
accidental
A
[,æksi’dentəl] adj. 意外的；偶然的；附属的；[音]临时记号的
n. 次要方面；非主要的特性；[音]临时记号
Adj.1 : arising from extrinsic causes : INCIDENTAL, NONESSENTIAL
2 a : occurring unexpectedly or by chance b : happening without intent or through carelessness and often with unfortunate results
Noun.1 : a nonessential property
2 a : a note foreign to a key indicated by a signature b : a prefixed sign indicating an accidental
25
accommodate
[ə'kɔmədeit] vt. 容纳；使适应；供应；调解
vi. 适应；调解
Transitive verb
1 : to make fit, suitable, or congruous
2 : to bring into agreement or concord : RECONCILE
3 : to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings)
4 a : to make room for b : to hold without crowding or inconvenience
5 : to give consideration to : allow for *accommodate the special interests of various groups*
intransitive verb : to adapt oneself; also : to undergo visual accommodation
synonyms see ADAPT, CONTAIN
26
accompany
[ə'kʌmpəni] vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏
vi. 伴奏，伴唱
Transitive verb
1 : to go with as an associate or companion
2 : to perform an accompaniment to or for
3 a : to cause to be in association *accompanied their advice with a warning* b : to be in association with *the pictures that accompany the text*
intransitive verb : to perform an accompaniment
27
accomplice
[ə'kʌmplis] n. 同谋者，共犯
| Noun.: one associated with another especially in wrongdoing
28
accomplish
[ə'kʌmpliʃ, ə'kɔm-] vt. 完成；实现；达到
vt.1 : to bring about (a result) by effort *have much to accomplish today*
2 : to bring to completion : FULFILL *we can accomplish the job in an hour*
3 : to succeed in reaching (a stage in a progression) *would starve before accomplishing half the distance ?W. H. Hudson *1922*
4 archaic a : to equip thoroughly b : PERFECT
synonyms see PERFORM
29
accredit
[ə'kredit] vt. 授权；信任；委派；归因于
vt.1 : to give official authorization to or approval of: a : to provide with credentials; especially : to send (an envoy) with letters of authorization b : to recognize or vouch for as conforming with a standard c : to recognize (an educational institution) as maintaining standards that qualify the graduates for admission to higher or more specialized institutions or for professional practice
2 : to consider or recognize as outstanding
3 : ATTRIBUTE, CREDIT
synonyms see APPROVE
30
accuracy
['ækjurəsi] n. 精确度，准确性
Noun.1 : freedom from mistake or error : CORRECTNESS
2 a : conformity to truth or to a standard or model : EXACTNESS b : degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true value ? compare PRECISION 2a
31
accuse
[ə'kju:z] vt. 控告，指控；谴责；归咎于
vi. 指责；控告
Transitive verb
1 : to charge with a fault or offense : BLAME
2 : to charge with an offense judicially or by a public process
intransitive verb : to bring an accusation
32
accustom
[ə'kʌstəm] vt. 使习惯于
| vt. : to make familiar with something through use or experience
33
acerbic
[ə'sə:bik] adj. 尖刻的（等于acerb）；酸的；辛辣的
| Adj. : acid in temper, mood, or tone *acerbic commentary* *an acerbic reviewer*
34
acidic
[ə'sidik] adj. 酸的，酸性的；产生酸的
Adj.1 : acid-forming
2 : ACID
35
acknowledge
[ək'nɔlidʒ] vt. 承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到
vt.1 : to recognize the rights, authority, or status of
2 : to disclose knowledge of or agreement with
3 a : to express gratitude or obligation for *acknowledge a gift* b : to take notice of *failed to acknowledge my greeting* c : to make known the receipt of *acknowledge a letter*
4 : to recognize as genuine or valid *acknowledge a debt*
synonyms ACKNOWLEDGE, ADMIT, OWN, AVOW, CONFESS mean to disclose against one's will or inclination. ACKNOWLEDGE implies the disclosing of something that has been or might be concealed *acknowledged an earlier peccadillo*. ADMIT implies reluctance to disclose, grant, or concede and refers usually to facts rather than their implications *admitted the project was over budget*. OWN implies acknowledging something in close relation to oneself *must own I know little about computers*. AVOW implies boldly declaring, often in the face of hostility, what one might be expected to be silent about *avowed that he was a revolutionary*. CONFESS may apply to an admission of a weakness, failure, omission, or guilt *confessed a weakness for sweets*.
36
acolyte
['ækəulait] n. 侍僧；助手（指教士的）
Noun.1 : one who assists a member of the clergy in a liturgical service by performing minor duties
2 : one who attends or assists : FOLLOWER
37
acoustic
[ə'ku:stik] adj. 声学的；音响的；听觉的
n. 原声乐器；不用电传音的乐器
Adj.1 : of or relating to the sense or organs of hearing, to sound, or to the science of sounds *acoustic apparatus of the ear* *acoustic energy*: as a : deadening or absorbing sound *acoustic tile* b : operated by or utilizing sound waves
2 : of, relating to, or being a musical instrument whose sound is not electronically modified
38
acquiescence
[,ækwi'esəns] n. 默许；默从
Noun.1 : the act of acquiescing : the state of being acquiescent
2 : an instance of acquiescing
39
acquiescent
[,ækwi'esənt] adj. 默认的；默许的；甘心接受的
| Adj.: inclined to acquiesce
40
acrimonious
[,ækri'məunjəs] adj. 严厉的；辛辣的；刻薄的
| Adj. : caustic, biting, or rancorous especially in feeling, language, or manner *an acrimonious dispute*
41
acrimony
['ækriməni] n. 辛辣；尖刻；严厉
| Noun.: harsh or biting sharpness especially of words, manner, or disposition
42
activate
['æktiveit] vt. 刺激；使活动；使活泼；使产生放射性
vi. 激活；有活力
Transitive verb : to make active or more active: as a (1) : to make (as molecules) reactive or more reactive (2) : to convert (as a provitamin) into a biologically active derivative b : to make (a substance) radioactive c : to treat (as carbon or alumina) so as to improve adsorptive properties d (1) : to set up or formally institute (as a military unit) with the necessary personnel and equipment (2) : to put (an individual or unit) on active duty
intransitive verb : to become active
43
actuate
['æktjueit, -tʃu-] vt. 开动（机器等）；促使，驱使；激励（人等）
vt.1 : to put into mechanical action or motion
2 : to move to action
synonyms see MOVE
44
acute
[ə'kju:t] adj. 严重的，急性的；敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的
Adj.1 a (1) : characterized by sharpness or severity *acute pain* (2) : having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course *acute disease* (3) : being, providing, or requiring short-term medical care (as for serious illness or traumatic injury) *acute hospitals* *an acute patient* b : lasting a short time *acute experiments*
2 : ending in a sharp point: as a : being or forming an angle measuring less than 90 degrees *an acute angle* b : composed of acute angles *an acute triangle*
3 a of an accent mark : having the form * b : marked with an acute accent c : of the variety indicated by an acute accent
4 a : marked by keen discernment or intellectual perception especially of subtle distinctions : PENETRATING *an acute thinker* b : responsive to slight impressions or stimuli *acute hearing*
5 : felt, perceived, or experienced intensely *acute distress*
6 : seriously demanding urgent attention *an acute emergency*
45
adamant
['ædəmənt] adj. 固执的，坚强的；坚定不移的；坚硬无比的
n. 坚硬的东西；坚石
Noun.1 : a stone (as a diamond) formerly believed to be of impenetrable hardness
2 : an unbreakable or extremely hard substance
Adj.: unshakable or insistent especially in maintaining a position or opinion : UNYIELDING
synonyms see INFLEXIBLE
46
adaptability
[ə,dæptə'biləti] n. 适应性；可变性；适合性
Noun. : the quality or state of being adaptable *the adaptability of the subject to varied art forms* *youth's adaptability to new surroundings*
47
adaptable
[ə'dæptəbl] adj. 适合的；能适应的；可修改的
Adj.: capable of being or becoming adapted
synonyms see PLASTIC
48
adaptive
[ə'dæptiv] adj. 适应的，适合的
| Adj. : showing or having a capacity for or tendency toward adaptation
49
addict
[ə'dikt,'ædikt] n. 有瘾的人；入迷的人
vt. 使沉溺；使上瘾
vt.1 : to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively *addicted to gambling*
2 : to cause addiction to a substance in (a person or animal
Noun.1 : one who is addicted especially to a substance
2 : DEVOTEE *a detective novel addict*
50
address
[ə'dres] vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞
n. 地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧
Transitive verb
1 archaic a : DIRECT, AIM b : to direct to go : SEND
2 a : to direct the efforts or attention of (oneself) *will address himself to the problem* b : to deal with : TREAT *intrigued by the chance to address important issues ?I. L. Horowitz*
3 archaic : to make ready; especially : DRESS
4 a : to communicate directly *addresses his thanks to his host* b : to speak or write directly to; especially : to deliver a formal speech to
5 a : to mark directions for delivery on *address a letter* b : to consign to the care of another (as an agent or factor)
6 : to greet by a prescribed form
7 : to adjust the club preparatory to hitting (a golf ball)
8 : to identify (as a computer peripheral or memory location) by an address or a name for information transfer
intransitive verb , obsolete : to direct one's speech or attentions
Noun.1 : dutiful and courteous attention especially in courtship ? usually used in plural
2 a : readiness and capability for dealing (as with a person or problem) skillfully and smoothly : ADROITNESS b obsolete : a making ready; also : a state of preparedness
3 a : manner of bearing oneself *a man of rude address* b : manner of speaking or singing : DELIVERY
4 : a formal communication; especially : a prepared speech delivered to a special audience or on a special occasion
5 a : a place where a person or organization may be communicated with b : directions for delivery on the outside of an object (as a letter or package) c : the designation of place of delivery placed between the heading and salutation on a business letter d : the designation of a computer account from which one can send or receive e-mail
6 : a preparatory position of the player and club in golf
7 a : a location (as in the memory of a computer) where particular information is stored b : a series of usually alphanumeric characters that specifies the storage location (as on a network or in a computer's memory) of particular information *an Internet address*
synonyms see TACT
51
adept
['ædept, ə'dept] adj. 熟练的；擅长…的
n. 内行；能手
Noun. : a highly skilled or well-trained individual : EXPERT *an adept at chess*
Adj.: thoroughly proficient : EXPERT *adept at fixing cars*
synonyms see PROFICIENT
52
adequate
['ædikwit] adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的
Adj.1 : sufficient for a specific requirement *adequate taxation of goods*; also : barely sufficient or satisfactory *her first performance was merely adequate*
2 : lawfully and reasonably sufficient *adequate grounds for a lawsuit*
synonyms see SUFFICIENT
53
adhere
[əd'hiə] vi. 坚持；依附；粘着；追随
vt. 使粘附
Intransitive verb
1 : to give support or maintain loyalty
2 obsolete : ACCORD 3
3 : to hold fast or stick by or as if by gluing, suction, grasping, or fusing
4 : to bind oneself to observance *adhere to the rules*
transitive verb : to cause to stick fast
synonyms see STICK
54
adhesive
[əd'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂；胶黏剂
adj. 粘着的；带粘性的
Adj.1 : tending to remain in association or memory
2 : tending to adhere or cause adherence
3 : prepared for adhering
Noun.1 : an adhesive substance (as glue or cement)
2 : a postage stamp with a gummed back
55
admonish
[əd'mɔniʃ] vt. 告诫；劝告
vt.1 a : to indicate duties or obligations to b : to express warning or disapproval to especially in a gentle, earnest, or solicitous manner
2 : to give friendly earnest advice or encouragement to
synonyms see REPROVE
56
adopt
[ə'dɔpt] vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过
vi. 采取；过继
Transitive verb
1 : to take by choice into a relationship; especially : to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) as one's own child
2 : to take up and practice or use *adopted a moderate tone*
3 : to accept formally and put into effect *adopt a constitutional amendment*
4 : to choose (a textbook) for required study in a course
intransitive verb : to adopt a child *couples choosing to adopt*
57
adoration
[,ædə'reiʃən] n. 崇拜；爱慕
| Noun. : the act of adoring : the state of being adored
58
adore
[ə'dɔ:] vt. 崇拜；爱慕；喜爱；[口]极喜欢
vi. 崇拜；爱慕
vt.1 : to worship or honor as a deity or as divine
2 : to regard with loving admiration and devotion *adored his wife*
3 : to be very fond of *adores pecan pie*
synonyms see REVERE
59
adorn
[ə'dɔ:n] vt. 装饰；使生色
vt.1 : to enhance the appearance of especially with beautiful objects
2 : to enliven or decorate as if with ornaments *people of fashion who adorned the Court*
synonyms ADORN, DECORATE, ORNAMENT, EMBELLISH, BEAUTIFY, DECK, GARNISH mean to enhance the appearance of something by adding something unessential. ADORN implies an enhancing by something beautiful in itself *a diamond necklace adorned her neck*. DECORATE suggests relieving plainness or monotony by adding beauty of color or design *decorate a birthday cake*. ORNAMENT and EMBELLISH imply the adding of something extraneous, ORNAMENT stressing the heightening or setting off of the original *a white house ornamented with green shutters*, EMBELLISH often stressing the adding of superfluous or adventitious ornament *embellish a page with floral borders*. BEAUTIFY adds to EMBELLISH a suggestion of counterbalancing plainness or ugliness *will beautify the grounds with flower beds*. DECK implies the addition of something that contributes to gaiety, splendor, or showiness *a house all decked out for Christmas*. GARNISH suggests decorating with a small final touch and is used especially in referring to the serving of food *an entr*e garnished with parsley*.
60
adulation
[,ædju'leiʃən] n. 奉承；谄媚
| Noun. : excessive or slavish admiration or flattery
61
adulatory
['ædʒələ,tori] adj. 阿谀的，奉承的；谄媚的
| Adj. : characterized by or given to adulation *an adulatory speech*
62
adumbrate
['ædʌmbreit, æd'ʌm-] vt. 预示；画…的轮廓；遮蔽
vt.1 : to foreshadow vaguely : INTIMATE
2 : to suggest, disclose, or outline partially *adumbrate a plan*
3 : OVERSHADOW, OBSCURE
63
advantage
[əd'væntidʒ] n. 利益；有利条件
v. 有利于；有益于
Noun.1 : superiority of position or condition *higher ground gave the enemy the advantage*
2 : a factor or circumstance of benefit to its possessor *lacked the advantages of an education*
3 a : BENEFIT, GAIN; especially : benefit resulting from some course of action *a mistake which turned out to our advantage* b obsolete : INTEREST 2a
4 : the first point won in tennis after deuce
: to give an advantage to : BENEFIT
64
adventurous
[əd'ventʃərəs] adj. 爱冒险的；大胆的；充满危险的
Adj.1 a : disposed to seek adventure or to cope with the new and unknown *an adventurous explorer* b : INNOVATIVE *an adventurous artistic style*
2 : characterized by unknown dangers and risks *an adventurous journey*
65
adversary
['ædvəsəri] n. 对手；敌手
Noun.: one that contends with, opposes, or resists : ENEMY
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or involving an adversary
2 : having or involving antagonistic parties or opposing interests *divorce can be an adversary proceeding*
66
adverse
['ædvə:s, æd'və:s] adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）
Adj.1 : acting against or in a contrary direction : HOSTILE *hindered by adverse winds*
2 a : opposed to one's interests *an adverse verdict* *heard testimony adverse to their position*; especially : UNFAVORABLE *adverse criticism* b : causing harm : HARMFUL *adverse drug effects*
3 archaic : opposite in position
67
adversity
[əd'və:səti] n. 逆境；不幸；灾难；灾祸
Noun.: a state, condition, or instance of serious or continued difficulty or adverse fortune
synonyms see MISFORTUNE
68
advertise
['ædvətaiz] vt. 通知；为…做广告；使突出
vi. 做广告，登广告；作宣传
Transitive verb
1 : to make something known to : NOTIFY
2 a : to make publicly and generally known *advertising their readiness to make concessions* b : to announce publicly especially by a printed notice or a broadcast c : to call public attention to especially by emphasizing desirable qualities so as to arouse a desire to buy or patronize : PROMOTE
intransitive verb : to issue or sponsor advertising *advertise for a secretary*
69
advocacy
['ædvəkəsi] n. 主张；拥护；辩护
| Noun.: the act or process of advocating or supporting a cause or proposal
70
aesthetic
[es'θetik] adj. 美的；美学的；审美的，具有审美趣味的
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or dealing with aesthetics or the beautiful *aesthetic theories* b : ARTISTIC *a work of aesthetic value* c : pleasing in appearance : ATTRACTIVE *easy-to-use keyboards, clear graphics, and other ergonomic and aesthetic features ?Mark Mehler*
2 : appreciative of, responsive to, or zealous about the beautiful; also : responsive to or appreciative of what is pleasurable to the senses
Noun.1 plural but singular or plural in construction : a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty
2 : a particular theory or conception of beauty or art : a particular taste for or approach to what is pleasing to the senses and especially sight *modernist aesthetics* *staging new ballets which reflected the aesthetic of the new nation ?Mary Clarke & Clement Crisp*
3 plural : a pleasing appearance or effect : BEAUTY *appreciated the aesthetics of the gemstones*
71
aesthetically
[es'θetikəli] adv. 审美地；美学观点上地
| Adv.: in an aesthetic way *a happy ending is morally and aesthetically satisfying?J.C.Bushman*
72
affable
['æfəbl] adj. 和蔼可亲的；友善的
Adj.1 : being pleasant and at ease in talking to others *an affable host*
2 : characterized by ease and friendliness *an affable manner*
Synonyms see GRACIOUS
73
affection
[ə'fekʃən] n. 喜爱，感情；影响；感染
Noun.1 : a moderate feeling or emotion
2 : tender attachment : FONDNESS *she had a deep affection for her parents*
3 a (1) : a bodily condition (2) : DISEASE, MALADY b : ATTRIBUTE *shape and weight are affections of bodies*
4 obsolete : PARTIALITY, PREJUDICE
5 : the feeling aspect (as in pleasure) of consciousness
6 a : PROPENSITY, DISPOSITION b archaic : AFFECTATION 1
7 : the action of affecting : the state of being affected
synonyms see FEELING
74
affectionate
[ə'fekʃənət] adj. 深情的；充满深情的
Adj.1 obsolete : INCLINED, DISPOSED
2 : having affection or warm regard : LOVING *affectionate friends*
3 : motivated by affection : TENDER *affectionate care*
75
affective
[ə'fektiv] adj. 情感的；表达感情的
Adj.1 : relating to, arising from, or influencing feelings or emotions : EMOTIONAL *cognitive and affective symptoms*
2 : expressing emotion *affective language*
76
affinity
[ə'finəti] n. 密切关系；吸引力；姻亲关系；类同
Noun.1 : relationship by marriage
2 a : sympathy marked by community of interest : KINSHIP b (1) : an attraction to or liking for something *people with an affinity to darkness ?Mark Twain* *pork and fennel have a natural affinity for each other ?Abby Mandel* (2) : an attractive force between substances or particles that causes them to enter into and remain in chemical combination c : a person especially of the opposite sex having a particular attraction for one
3 a : likeness based on relationship or causal connection *found an affinity between the teller of a tale and the craftsman ?Mary McCarthy* *this investigation, with affinities to a case history, a psychoanalysis, a detective story ?Oliver Sacks* b : a relation between biological groups involving resemblance in structural plan and indicating a common origin
synonyms see ATTRACTION
77
affirmation
[,æfə'meiʃən] n. 主张，肯定；断言
Noun.1 a : the act of affirming b : something affirmed : a positive assertion
2 : a solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury by a person who conscientiously declines taking an oath
78
afflict
[ə'flikt] vt. 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
vt.1 obsolete a : HUMBLE b : OVERTHROW
2 a : to distress so severely as to cause persistent suffering or anguish *afflicted with arthritis* b : TROUBLE, INJURE
synonyms AFFLICT, TRY, TORMENT, TORTURE, RACK mean to inflict on a person something that is hard to bear. AFFLICT is a general term and applies to the causing of pain or suffering or of acute annoyance, embarrassment, or any distress *ills that afflict the elderly*. TRY suggests imposing something that strains the powers of endurance or of self-control *children often try their parents' patience*. TORMENT suggests persecution or the repeated inflicting of suffering or annoyance *a horse tormented by flies*. TORTURE adds the implication of causing unbearable pain or suffering *tortured by a sense of guilt*. RACK stresses straining or wrenching *a body racked by pain*.
79
affluent
['æfluənt] adj. 富裕的；丰富的；流畅的
n. 支流；富人
Adj.1 : flowing in abundance *affluent streams* *affluent creativity*
2 : having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions *our affluent society*
synonyms see RICH
Noun.1 : a tributary stream
2 : an affluent person
80
affordable
[ə'fɔ:dəbl] adj. 负担得起的
| Adj.: that can be afforded *affordable housing* *affordable prices*
81
affront
[ə'frʌnt] vt. 冒犯，有意冒犯；面对；公开侮辱
n. 轻蔑；公开侮辱
vt.1 a : to insult especially to the face by behavior or language b : to cause offense to *a system of law about both family and marriage that affronted lay society ?J. H. Mundy*
2 a : to face in defiance : CONFRONT *affront death* b obsolete : to encounter face-to-face
3 : to appear directly before
synonyms see OFFEND
Noun.1 obsolete : a hostile encounter
2 : a deliberate offense : INSULT *an affront to his dignity*
82
aggrandize
[ə'ɡrændaiz] vt. 增加；夸大；强化
vt.1 : to make great or greater : INCREASE, ENLARGE *aggrandize an estate*
2 : to make appear great or greater : praise highly
3 : to enhance the power, wealth, position, or reputation of *exploited the situation to aggrandize himself*
83
aggravate
['æɡrəveit] vt. 加重；使恶化；[口]激怒
vt.1 obsolete a : to make heavy : BURDEN b : INCREASE
2 : to make worse, more serious, or more severe : intensify unpleasantly *problems have been aggravated by neglect*
3 a : to rouse to displeasure or anger by usually persistent and often petty goading b : to produce inflammation in
usage Although aggravate has been used in sense 3a since the 17th century, it has been the object of disapproval only since about 1870. It is used in expository prose *when his silly conceitTabout his not-very-good early work has begun to aggravate us ?William Styron* but seems to be more common in speech and casual writing *a good profession for him, because bus drivers get aggravated ?Jackie Gleason (interview, 1986)* *& now this letter comes to aggravate me a thousand times worse ?Mark Twain (letter, 1864)*. Sense 2 is far more common than sense 3a in published prose. Such is not the case, however, with aggravation and aggravating. Aggravation is used in sense 3 somewhat more than in its earlier senses; aggravating has practically no use other than to express annoyance.
84
aggressive
[ə'ɡresiv] adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；有闯劲的
Adj.1 a : tending toward or exhibiting aggression *aggressive behavior* b : marked by combative readiness *an aggressive fighter*
2 a : marked by obtrusive energy b : marked by driving forceful energy or initiative : ENTERPRISING *an aggressive salesman*
3 : strong or emphatic in effect or intent *aggressive colors* *aggressive flavors*
4 : growing, developing, or spreading rapidly *aggressive bone tumors*
5 : more severe, intensive, or comprehensive than usual especially in dosage or extent *aggressive chemotherapy*
85
aghast
[ə'ɡɑ:st, -'ɡæst] adj. 吓呆的，惊骇的；吃惊的
| Adj.: struck with terror, amazement, or horror : SHOCKED
86
agility
[ə'dʒiləti] n. 敏捷；灵活；机敏
| Noun.: the quality or state of being agile : NIMBLENESS, DEXTERITY *played with increasing agility*
87
agitate
['ædʒiteit] vt. 摇动；骚动；使…激动
vi. 煽动
Transitive verb
1 a obsolete : to give motion to b : to move with an irregular, rapid, or violent action *the storm agitated the sea*
2 : to excite and often trouble the mind or feelings of : DISTURB
3 a : to discuss excitedly and earnestly b : to stir up public discussion of
intransitive verb : to attempt to arouse public feeling *agitated for better schools*
synonyms see SHAKE, DISCOMPOSE
88
agitation
[,ædʒi'teiʃən] n. 激动；搅动；煽动；烦乱
Transitive verb
1 a obsolete : to give motion to b : to move with an irregular, rapid, or violent action *the storm agitated the sea*
2 : to excite and often trouble the mind or feelings of : DISTURB
3 a : to discuss excitedly and earnestly b : to stir up public discussion of
intransitive verb : to attempt to arouse public feeling *agitated for better schools*
synonyms see SHAKE, DISCOMPOSE
89
agony
['æɡəni] n. 苦恼；极大的痛苦；临死的挣扎
noun.1 a : intense pain of mind or body : ANGUISH, TORTURE b : the struggle that precedes death
2 : a violent struggle or contest
3 : a strong sudden display (as of joy or delight) : OUTBURST
synonyms see DISTRESS
90
agoraphobic
[,æɡərə'fəʊbɪk] n. 恐旷症患者
adj. 恐旷症的；恐惧陌生环境的
Noun.: abnormal fear of being helpless in an embarrassing or unescapable situation that is characterized especially by the avoidance of open or public places
91
agrarian
[ə'ɡrεəriən] adj. 土地的；耕地的；有关土地的
Adj.1 : of or relating to fields or lands or their tenure
2 a : of, relating to, or characteristic of farmers or their way of life *agrarian values* b : organized or designed to promote agricultural interests *an agrarian political party* *agrarian reforms*
Noun. : a member of an agrarian party or movement
92
airborne
['εəbɔ:n] adj. 空运的；空气传播的；风媒的
Adj.1 : done or being in the air : being off the ground: as a : carried through the air (as by an aircraft) b : supported especially by aerodynamic forces or propelled through the air by force c : transported or carried by the air *airborne allergens*
2 : trained for deployment by air and especially by parachute *airborne troops*
93
akin
[ə'kin] adj. 类似的；同类的；同族的
Adj.1 : related by blood : descended from a common ancestor or prototype
2 : essentially similar, related, or compatible *his interests are akin to mine*
94
alienate
['eiljəneit] vt. 使疏远，离间；让与
vt.1 : to make unfriendly, hostile, or indifferent especially where attachment formerly existed
2 : to convey or transfer (as property or a right) usually by a specific act rather than the due course of law
3 : to cause to be withdrawn or diverted
synonyms see ESTRANGE
95
alienation
[,eiljə'neiʃən] n. [哲]异化；疏远；转让；精神错乱；[戏]间离效果（alienation effect）
Noun.1 : a withdrawing or separation of a person or a person's affections from an object or position of former attachment : ESTRANGEMENT *alienationTfrom the values of one's society and family ?S. L. Halleck*
2 : a conveyance of property to another
96
allegiance
[ə'li:dʒəns] n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞
Noun.1 a : the obligation of a feudal vassal to his liege lord b (1) : the fidelity owed by a subject or citizen to a sovereign or government (2) : the obligation of an alien to the government under which the alien resides
2 : devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause
synonyms see FIDELITY
97
allegory
['æliɡəri] n. 寓言
Noun.1 : the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence; also : an instance (as in a story or painting) of such expression
2 : a symbolic representation : EMBLEM 2
98
allot
[ə'lɔt] vt. 分配；拨给；分派
vt.1 : to assign as a share or portion *allot 10 minutes for the speech*
2 : to distribute by or as if by lot *allot seats to the press*
99
alloy
['ælɔi, ə'lɔi] vt. 使成合金；使减低成色
n. 合金
vi. 易于铸成合金
Noun.1 : the degree of mixture with base metals : FINENESS
2 : a substance composed of two or more metals or of a metal and a nonmetal intimately united usually by being fused together and dissolving in each other when molten; also : the state of union of the components
3 a : an admixture that lessens value b : an impairing alien element
4 : a compound, mixture, or union of different things *an ethnic alloy of many peoples*
5 archaic : a metal mixed with a more valuable metal to give durability or some other desired quality
transitive verb
1 a : TEMPER, MODERATE b : to impair or debase by admixture
2 : to reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable metal
3 : to mix so as to form an alloy
intransitive verb : to lend itself to being alloyed *iron alloys well*
100
allude
[ə'lju:d] vi. 暗指，转弯抹角地说到；略为提及，顺便提到
| Intransitive verb.: to make indirect reference *comments alluding to an earlier discussion*; broadly : REFER
101
allure
```
[ə'ljuə] vt. 引诱，诱惑；吸引
n. 诱惑力
vi. 诱人，吸引人
vt.: to entice by charm or attraction
synonyms see ATTRACT
Noun. : power of attraction or fascination : CHARM
```
102
allusion
[ə'lju:ʒən] n. 暗示；提及
Noun.1 : an implied or indirect reference especially in literature; also : the use of such references
2 : the act of alluding to or hinting at something
103
allusive
[ə'lju:siv] adj. 暗指的；引用典故的
Adj.1 archaic : FIGURATIVE, SYMBOLICAL
2 a : of, having the character of, or marked by allusion b : containing allusions *allusive writing*
3 : PUNNING
104
ally
['ælai, ə'lai] n. 同盟国；伙伴；同盟者；助手
vt. 使联盟；使联合
vi. 联合；结盟
Transitive verb : to unite or form a connection or relation between : ASSOCIATE *allied himself with a wealthy family by marriage*
intransitive verb : to form or enter into an alliance *two factions allying with each other*
Noun.1 : a sovereign or state associated with another by treaty or league
2 : a plant or animal linked to another by genetic or taxonomic proximity
3 : one that is associated with another as a helper : AUXILIARY
105
aloof
```
[ə'lu:f] adj. 冷淡的；远离的；冷漠的
adv. 远离；避开地
Adv. : at a distance
Adj.: removed or distant either physically or emotionally *he stood aloof from worldly success ?John Buchan*
synonyms see INDIFFERENT
```
106
Also-ran
n.落选者，不重要的参与者
107
alternate
[ɔ:l'tə:nət, 'ɔ:ltə-, 'ɔ:ltəneit] vi. 交替；轮流
vt. 使交替；使轮流
adj. 交替的；轮流的
n. 替换物
Adj.1 : occurring or succeeding by turns *a day of alternate sunshine and rain*
2 a : arranged first on one side and then on the other at different levels or points along an axial line *alternate leaves* ? compare OPPOSITE b : arranged one above or alongside the other
3 : every other : every second *he works on alternate days*
4 : constituting an alternative *took the alternate route home*
5 : ALTERNATIVE 3
transitive verb
1 : to perform by turns or in succession
2 : to cause to alternate
intransitive verb : to change from one to another repeatedly *rain alternated with sun*
Noun.1 : ALTERNATIVE
2 : one that substitutes for or alternates with another
108
alternative
[ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的
n. 二中择一；供替代的选择
Adj.1 : ALTERNATE 1
2 : offering or expressing a choice *several alternative plans*
3 : different from the usual or conventional: as a : existing or functioning outside the established cultural, social, or economic system *an alternative newspaper* *alternative lifestyles* b : of, relating to, or being rock music that is regarded as an alternative to conventional rock and is typically influenced by punk rock, hard rock, hip-hop, or folk music c : of or relating to alternative medicine *alternative therapies*
Noun.1 a : a proposition or situation offering a choice between two or more things only one of which may be chosen b : an opportunity for deciding between two or more courses or propositions
2 a : one of two or more things, courses, or propositions to be chosen b : something which can be chosen instead *the only alternative to intervention*
3 : alternative rock music
synonyms see CHOICE
109
altruism
['æltruizəm] n. 利他；利他主义
n.1 : unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others
2 : behavior by an animal that is not beneficial to or may be harmful to itself but that benefits others of its species
110
amalgam
[ə'mælɡəm] n. [采矿]汞合金，汞齐；混合物
Noun.1 : an alloy of mercury with another metal that is solid or liquid at room temperature according to the proportion of mercury present and is used especially in making tooth cements
2 : a mixture of different elements
111
amateur
['æmətə, ,æmə'tə:] n. 爱好者；业余爱好者；外行
adj. 业余的；外行的
Noun.1 : DEVOTEE, ADMIRER
2 : one who engages in a pursuit, study, science, or sport as a pastime rather than as a profession
3 : one lacking in experience and competence in an art or science
112
amaze
```
[ə'meiz] vt. 使吃惊
Transitive verb
1 obsolete : BEWILDER, PERPLEX
2 : to fill with wonder : ASTOUND
intransitive verb : to show or cause astonishment
synonyms see SURPRISE
Noun.: AMAZEMENT
```
113
ambidextrous
[,æmbi'dekstrəs] adj. 双手灵巧的；怀有二心的
Adj.1 : using both hands with equal ease
2 : unusually skillful : VERSATILE
3 : characterized by duplicity : DOUBLE-DEALING
114
ambiguity
[,æmbi'ɡju:iti] n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的话
Noun.1 a : the quality or state of being ambiguous especially in meaning b : an ambiguous word or expression
2 : UNCERTAINTY
115
ambiguous
[æm'biɡjuəs] adj. 模糊不清的；引起歧义的
Adj.1 a : doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness *eyes of an ambiguous color* b : INEXPLICABLE
2 : capable of being understood in two or more possible senses or ways *an ambiguous smile* *an ambiguous term* *a deliberately ambiguous reply*
synonyms see OBSCURE
116
ambitious
[æm'biʃəs] adj. 野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的
Adj.1 a : having or controlled by ambition *an ambitious young executive* b : having a desire to achieve a particular goal : ASPIRING *ambitious for power*
2 : resulting from, characterized by, or showing ambition *an ambitious film*
117
ambivalent
[,æmbi'veilənt, æm'bivə-] adj. 矛盾的；好恶相克的
[,æmbi'veilənt, æm'bivə-] adj. 矛盾的；好恶相克的
Adj. characterized by, suggestive of, motivated by, or exhibiting ambivalence *an ambivalent nature* *ambivalent feelings* *an ambivalent position toward religion* *the ambivalent aspects of the American spirit are reconciled?Louis le Fevre*
118
amble
['æmbl] vi. （马）缓行；从容漫步
n. （马的）缓行步态；漫步
Intransitive verb.: to go at or as if at an amble : SAUNTER
Noun.1 a : an easy gait of a horse in which the legs on the same side of the body move together b : 7RACK b
2 : an easy gait
3 : a leisurely walk
119
ameliorate
```
[ə'mi:ljəreit] vt. 改善；减轻（痛苦等）；改良
vi. 变得更好
Transitive verb : to make better or more tolerable
intransitive verb : to grow better
synonyms see IMPROVE
```
120
amenable
[ə'mi:nəbl] adj. 有责任的，应服从的；有义务的；经得起检验的
Adj.1 : liable to be brought to account : ANSWERABLE *citizens amenable to the law*
2 a : capable of submission (as to judgment or test) : SUITED *the data is amenable to analysis* b : readily brought to yield, submit, or cooperate *a government not amenable to change* c : WILLING 1 *was amenable to spending more time at home*
synonyms see RESPONSIBLE, OBEDIENT
121
amend
[ə'mend] vt. 修改；改善，改进
vi. 改正，改善；改过自新
Transitive verb
1 : to put right; especially : to make emendations in (as a text)
2 a : to change or modify for the better : IMPROVE *amend the situation* b : to alter especially in phraseology; especially : to alter formally by modification, deletion, or addition *amend a constitution*
intransitive verb : to reform oneself
synonyms see CORRECT
122
amendment
[ə'mendmənt] n. 修正案；改善；改正
Noun.1 : the act of amending : CORRECTION
2 : a material (as compost or sand) that aids plant growth indirectly by improving the condition of the soil
3 a : the process of amending by parliamentary or constitutional procedure b : an alteration proposed or effected by this process *a constitutional amendment*
123
amiability
[,eimjə'biləti] n. 可爱；和蔼可亲；友善
Noun.1 : the quality of being amiable : genial disposition *made everyone happy by his unfailing amiability*
2 : a manifestation or instance of being amiable *the natives showed them every courtesy and amiability*
124
amicable
['æmikəbl] adj. 友好的；友善的
| Adj. : characterized by friendly goodwill : PEACEABLE
125
amicably
['æmikəbli] adv. 友善地
Adv. : in an amicable manner *a Presbyterian elder and a Methodist parson who rode in amicably together one April afternoon?Green Peyton*
126
amorphous
[ə'mɔ:fəs] adj. 无定形的；无组织的；非晶形的
Adj.1 a : having no definite form : SHAPELESS *an amorphous cloud mass* b : being without definite character or nature : UNCLASSIFIABLE *an amorphous segment of society* c : lacking organization or unity *an amorphous style of writing*
2 : having no real or apparent crystalline form *an amorphous mineral*
127
anachronistic
[ə,nækrə'nistik,-kəl] adj. 时代错误的
| Adj.: characterized by or involving anachronism : chronologically out of place
128
anaerobic
[,ænεə'rəubik] adj. 厌氧的，厌气的；没有气而能生活的
Adj.1 a : living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen *anaerobic respiration* *anaerobic bacteria* b : of, relating to, or being activity in which the body incurs an oxygen debt *anaerobic exercise*
2 : relating to or induced by anaerobes
129
analogous
[ə'næləɡəs] adj. 类似的；[生]同功的；可比拟的
Adj.1 : showing an analogy or a likeness that permits one to draw an analogy
2 : being or related to as an analogue
synonyms see SIMILAR
130
anarchy
['ænəki] n. 无政府状态；混乱；无秩序
Noun.1 a : absence of government b : a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority c : a utopian society of individuals who enjoy complete freedom without government
2 a : absence or denial of any authority or established order b : absence of order : DISORDER *not manicured plots but a wild anarchy of nature ?Israel Shenker*
3 : ANARCHISM
131
anatomical
[ænə'tɒmɪk(ə)l] adj. 解剖的；解剖学的；结构上的
| Adj.解剖学的
132
ancestor
['ænsestə] n. 始祖，祖先；被继承人
Noun.1 a : one from whom a person is descended and who is usually more remote in the line of descent than a grandparent b : FOREFATHER 2
2 : FORERUNNER, PROTOTYPE
3 : a progenitor of a more recent or existing species or group
133
ancestral
[æn'sestrəl] adj. 祖先的；祖传的
| Adj.: of, relating to, or inherited from an ancestor *ancestral estates*
134
anecdotal
[,ænik'dəutəl] adj. 轶事的；轶事一样的；多轶事的
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or consisting of anecdotes *an anecdotal biography* b : ANECDOTIC 2 *my anecdotal uncle*
2 : based on or consisting of reports or observations of usually unscientific observers *anecdotal evidence*
3 : of, relating to, or being the depiction of a scene suggesting a story *an anecdotal painting* *anecdotal details*
135
angular
['æŋɡjulə] adj. 有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的
Adj.1 a : forming an angle : sharp-cornered b : having one or more angles
2 : measured by an angle *angular distance*
3 a : stiff in character or manner : lacking smoothness or grace b : lean and having prominent bone structure
136
animated
['ænimeitid] adj. 活生生的；活泼的；愉快的
n. 使…有生气（animate的过去式）
Adj.1 a : endowed with life or the qualities of life : ALIVE b : full of movement and activity *an animated crowd* c : full of vigor and spirit : LIVELY *an animated discussion*
2 : having the appearance of something alive *an unusually animated piece of sculpture*
3 : made in the form of an animated cartoon *an animated film*
synonyms see LIVELY
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animosity
[,æni'mɔsəti] n. 憎恶，仇恨，敌意
Noun.: ill will or resentment tending toward active hostility : an antagonistic attitude
synonyms see ENMITY
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annex
[ə'neks, 'æneks] vt. 附加；获得；并吞
n. 附加物；附属建筑物
vt.1 : to attach as a quality, consequence, or condition
2 archaic : to join together materially : UNITE
3 : to add to something earlier, larger, or more important
4 : to incorporate (a country or other territory) within the domain of a state
5 : to obtain or take for oneself
Noun.: something annexed as an expansion or supplement: as a : an added stipulation or statement : APPENDIX b : a subsidiary or supplementary building or structure : WING
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annotate
['ænəuteit] vi. 注释；给…作注释或评注
vt. 注释；作注解
Intransitive verb : to make or furnish critical or explanatory notes or comment
transitive verb : to make or furnish annotations for (as a literary work or subject)
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anomalous
[ə'nɔmələs] adj. 异常的；不规则的；不恰当的
1 : inconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expected : IRREGULAR, UNUSUAL
2 a : of uncertain nature or classification b : marked by incongruity or contradiction : PARADOXICAL
synonyms see IRREGULAR
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anomaly
[ə'nɔməli] n. 异常；不规则；反常事物
Noun.1 : the angular distance of a planet from its perihelion as seen from the sun
2 : deviation from the common rule : IRREGULARITY
3 : something anomalous : something different, abnormal, peculiar, or not easily classified
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antagonism
[æn'tæɡənizəm] n. 对抗，敌对；对立；敌意
Noun.1 a : opposition of a conflicting force, tendency, or principle *the antagonism of democracy to dictatorship* b : actively expressed opposition or hostility *antagonism between factions*
2 : opposition in physiological action; especially : interaction of two or more substances such that the action of any one of them on living cells or tissues is lessened
synonyms see ENMITY
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antagonistic
[æn,tæɡə'nistik,-kəl] adj. 敌对的；对抗性的；反对的
| Adj.: marked by or resulting from antagonism
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antagonize
[æn'tæɡənaiz] vt. 使…敌对；使…对抗；对…起反作用
vi. 引起反抗
vt.1 : to act in opposition to : COUNTERACT
2 : to incur or provoke the hostility of *his criticism antagonized his friends*
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antecedent
[,ænti'si:dənt] n. 前情；先行词；祖先
adj. 先行的；前驱的；先前的
Noun.1 : a substantive word, phrase, or clause whose denotation is referred to by a pronoun (as John in *Mary saw John and called to him*); broadly : a word or phrase replaced by a substitute
2 : the conditional element in a proposition (as if A in *if A, then B*)
3 : the first term of a mathematical ratio
4 a : a preceding event, condition, or cause b plural : the significant events, conditions, and traits of one's earlier life
5 a : PREDECESSOR; especially : a model or stimulus for later developments b plural : ANCESTORS, PARENTS
Adj. : PRIOR
synonyms see PRECEDING
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antedate
[,ænti'deit, 'æntideit] vt. 先于；前于
n. 比实际提前的日期
Noun.: a date assigned to an event or document earlier than the actual date of the event or document
vt.1 a : to date as of a time prior to that of execution b : to assign to a date prior to that of actual occurrence
2 archaic : ANTICIPATE
3 : to precede in time
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anterior
[æn'tiəriə] adj. 前面的；先前的
Adj.1 a : situated before or toward the front b : situated near or toward the head or part most nearly corresponding to a head
2 : coming before in time or development
synonyms see PRECEDING
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antibiotic
[,æntibai'ɔtik] adj. 抗生的；抗菌的
n. 抗生素，抗菌素
Adj.1 : tending to prevent, inhibit, or destroy life
2 : of or relating to antibiotics or to antibiosis
Noun.: a substance produced by or a semisynthetic substance derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism
