L19 Flashcards
(150 cards)
2
Q
snug
A
[snʌɡ] adj. 舒适的；温暖的；紧身的；隐藏的
vt. 使变得温暖舒适；隐藏
vi. 偎依；舒适地蜷伏
n. 舒适温暖的地方；雅室
Intransitive verb : SNUGGLE, NESTLE snug down for bed
transitive verb
1 : to cause to fit closely
2 : to make snug
3 : HIDE 1
4 : to secure by fastening or lashing down
Adj.1 a of a ship : manifesting seaworthiness : TAUT b : TRIM, NEAT c : fitting closely and comfortably a snug coat
2 a : enjoying or affording warm secure shelter or cover and opportunity for ease and contentment a snug cottage b : marked by cordiality and secure privacy
3 : affording a degree of comfort and ease a snug income
4 : offering safe concealment a snug hideout
synonyms see COMFORTABLE
Noun.British : a small private room or compartment in a pub
3
Q
sobriety
A
[səu’braiəti] n. 清醒，冷静；节制；严肃
Noun. : the quality or state of being sober
4
Q
sociable
A
[‘səuʃəbl] adj. 社交的；好交际的；友善的
n. 联谊会
Adj.1 : inclined by nature to companionship with others of the same species : SOCIAL
2 a : inclined to seek or enjoy companionship b : marked by or conducive to friendliness or pleasant social relations
synonyms see GRACIOUS
Noun. : an informal social gathering frequently involving a special activity or interest
5
Q
solder
A
[‘sɔldə] vi. 焊接
vt. 焊接；使联接在一起
n. 焊料；接合物
1 : a metal or metallic alloy used when melted to join metallic surfaces; especially : an alloy of lead and tin so used
2 : something that unites
transitive verb
1 : to unite or make whole by solder
2 : to bring into or restore to firm union a friendship soldered by common interests
intransitive verb
1 : to use solder
2 : to become united or repaired by or as if by solder
6
Q
solemn
A
[‘sɔləm] adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的
Adj.1 : marked by the invocation of a religious sanction a solemn oath
2 : marked by the observance of established form or ceremony; specifically : celebrated with full liturgical ceremony
3 a : awe-inspiring : SUBLIME solemn beauty b : marked by grave sedateness and earnest sobriety a solemn gathering c : SOMBER, GLOOMY a solemn gray building
synonyms see SERIOUS
7
Q
solemnity
A
[sə’lemnəti] n. 严肃；庄严；一本正经
Noun.1 : formal or ceremonious observance of an occasion or event
2 : a solemn event or occasion
3 : a solemn condition or quality the solemnity of his words
8
Q
solicit
A
[sə’lisit] vt. 征求；招揽；请求；乞求
vi. 征求；招揽；恳求；请求
Transitive verb
1 a : to make petition to : ENTREAT b : to approach with a request or plea solicited Congress for funding
2 : to urge (as one’s cause) strongly
3 a : to entice or lure especially into evil b : to proposition (someone) especially as or in the character of a prostitute
4 : to try to obtain by usually urgent requests or pleas solicited donations
intransitive verb
1 : to make solicitation : IMPORTUNE
2 of a prostitute : to offer to have sexual relations with someone for money
synonyms see ASK
9
Q
solicitous
A
[sə’lisitəs] adj. 热切期望的；热心的；挂念的
Adj.1 : manifesting or expressing solicitude a solicitous inquiry about his health
2 : full of concern or fears : APPREHENSIVE solicitous about the future
3 : meticulously careful solicitous in matters of dress
4 : full of desire : EAGER
10
Q
solicitude
A
[sə’lisitju:d] n. 焦虑；渴望；担心
Noun.1 a : the state of being concerned and anxious b : attentive care and protectiveness; also : an attitude of earnest concern or attention expressed solicitude for his health
2 : a cause of care or concern ? usually used in plural
11
Q
soliloquy
A
[sə’liləkwi] n. 独白；自言自语
Noun.1 : the act of talking to oneself
2 : a dramatic monologue that represents a series of unspoken reflections
12
Q
solitary
A
[‘sɔlitəri] adj. 孤独的；独居的
n. 独居者；隐士
Adj.1 a : being, living, or going alone or without companions b : saddened by isolation
2 : UNFREQUENTED, DESOLATE a solitary seashore
3 a : taken, passed, or performed without companions a solitary ramble b : keeping a prisoner apart from others solitary confinement
4 : being at once single and isolated a solitary example
5 a : occurring singly and not as part of a group or cluster flowers terminal and solitary b : not gregarious, colonial, social, or compound solitary bees
synonyms see ALONE
Noun.1 : one who lives or seeks to live a solitary life : RECLUSE
2 : solitary confinement in prison put him in solitary
13
Q
solo
A
[‘səuləu] n. 独奏；独唱；独奏曲
adj. 独奏的；独唱的；单独的
vt. 单人攀登；[航]单独驾
vi. 单独表演；放单飞
adv. 单独地
Noun.1 or plural soi *s-()l*\ a : a musical composition for a single voice or instrument with or without accompaniment b : the featured part of a concerto or similar work
2 : a performance in which the performer has no partner or associate : something undertaken or done alone a student pilot’s first solo
3 : any of several card games in which a player elects to play without a partner against the other players
Adv. : without a companion : ALONE fly solo
Adj.1 : accommodating one person a solo canoe
2 : of, relating to, or being a solo a solo performance a solo flight
3 : hit with no runners on base a solo home run
intransitive verb : to perform by oneself: as a : to perform a musical solo b : to fly an airplane without one’s instructor on board
transitive verb
1 : to fly (as an airplane) alone
2 : to climb (as a mountain) alone
14
Q
solvent
A
[‘sɔlvənt, ‘sɔ:l-] adj. 有偿付能力的；有溶解力的
n. 溶剂；解决方法
Adj.1 : able to pay all legal debts a solvent company
2 : that dissolves or can dissolve solvent action of water
Noun.1 : a usually liquid substance capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances
2 : something that provides a solution
3 : something that eliminates or attenuates something especially unwanted
15
Q
somber
A
[‘sɔmbə] adj. 忧郁的；昏暗的；严峻的；阴天的
Adj.1 : so shaded as to be dark and gloomy
2 a : of a serious mien : GRAVE somber dignitaries b : of a dismal or depressing character : MELANCHOLY somber thoughts c : conveying gloomy suggestions or ideas
3 : of a dull or heavy cast or shade : dark colored
16
Q
sonorous
A
[səu’nɔ:rəs, ‘sɔnərəs] adj. 响亮的；作响的；能发出响亮声音的
Adj.1 : producing sound (as when struck)
2 : full or loud in sound a sonorous voice
3 : imposing or impressive in effect or style
4 : having a high or an indicated degree of sonority *sonorous sounds such as *\ and **
17
Q
soothe
A
[su:ð] vt. 安慰；使平静；缓和
vi. 起抚慰作用
Transitive verb
1 : to please by or as if by attention or concern : PLACATE
2 : RELIEVE, ALLEVIATE soothe a cough
3 : to bring comfort, solace, or reassurance to music soothes the soul
intransitive verb : to bring peace, composure, or quietude
18
Q
sophisticated
A
[sə’fistikeitid] adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的
v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）
Adj.1 : deprived of native or original simplicity: as a : highly complicated or developed : COMPLEX sophisticated electronic devices b : having a refined knowledge of the ways of the world cultivated especially through wide experience a sophisticated lady
2 : devoid of grossness: as a : finely experienced and aware a sophisticated columnist b : intellectually appealing a sophisticated novel
19
Q
sophomoric
A
[,sɔfə’mɔ:rik, -‘mɔ-] adj. 一知半解的；大学或四年制中学的二年级的
Adj.1 : conceited and overconfident of knowledge but poorly informed and immature a sophomoric argument
2 : of, relating to, or characteristic of a sophomore sophomoric humor
20
Q
soporific
A
[,sɔpə’rifik, ,səu-] n. 催眠剂；安眠药
adj. 催眠的；想睡的
Adj.1 a : causing or tending to cause sleep soporific drugs b : tending to dull awareness or alertness
2 : of, relating to, or marked by sleepiness or lethargy
Noun. : a soporific agent; specifically : HYPNOTIC 1
21
Q
sordid
A
[‘sɔ:did] adj. 肮脏的；卑鄙的；利欲熏心的；色彩暗淡的
Adj.1 : marked by baseness or grossness : VILE sordid motives
2 a : DIRTY, FILTHY b : WRETCHED, SQUALID
3 : meanly avaricious : COVETOUS
4 : of a dull or muddy color
synonyms see MEAN
22
Q
soundproof
A
[‘saundpru:f] adj. 隔音的
vt. 使隔音；给装以隔音设备
Adj. : impervious to sound
vt. : to insulate so as to obstruct the passage of sound
23
Q
span
A
[/spæn/] n. 跨度，跨距；范围
vt. 跨越；持续；以手指测量
Noun.1 : the distance from the end of the thumb to the end of the little finger of a spread hand; also : an English unit of length equal to nine inches (22.9 centimeters)
2 : an extent, stretch, reach, or spread between two limits: as a : a limited space (as of time); especially : an individual’s lifetime b : the spread or extent between abutments or supports (as of a bridge); also : a portion thus supported c : the maximum distance laterally from tip to tip of an airplane
vt.1 a : to measure by or as if by the hand with fingers and thumb extended b : MEASURE
2 a : to extend across a career that spanned four decades b : to form an arch over a small bridge spanned the pond c : to place or construct a span over
3 : to be capable of expressing any element of under given operations a set of vectors that spans a vector space
Noun.: a pair of animals (as mules) usually matched in appearance and action and driven together
24
Q
spanking
A
['spæŋkiŋ] adj. 强烈的；疾行的，疾驰的 n. 打屁股；拍击 adv. 显著地 v. 拍打；严厉斥责（spank的ing形式） Adj.1 : remarkable of its kind 2 : being fresh and strong : BRISK Adv. : VERY *a spanking clean floor* *spanking new*
25
Q
sparing
A
[‘spεəriŋ] adj. 节约的；贫乏的；保守的
n. 抽出；宽恕；免去；给予（spare的ing形式）
Adj.1 : marked by or practicing careful restraint (as in the use of resources)
2 : MEAGER, BARE the map is sparing of information
26
sparse
[spɑ:s] adj. 稀疏的；稀少的
Adj. : of few and scattered elements; especially : not thickly grown or settled
synonyms see MEAGER
27
spartan
['spɑ:tən] adj. 斯巴达的；斯巴达式的
n. 斯巴达人；勇士
Adj.简朴的，刻苦的
Noun.1 : a native or inhabitant of ancient Sparta
2 : a person of great courage and self-discipline
Adj.1 : of or relating to Sparta in ancient Greece
2 a often not capitalized : marked by strict self-discipline or self-denial *a Spartan athlete* b often not capitalized : marked by simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort *a Spartan room* c : LACONIC d : undaunted by pain or danger
28
spatial
['speiʃəl] adj. 空间的；存在于空间的；受空间条件限制的
Adj.1 : relating to, occupying, or having the character of space
2 : of or relating to facility in perceiving relations (as of objects) in space *tests of spatial ability*
29
specialization
[,speʃəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-] n. 专门化；特殊化；[生]特化作用
Noun.1 : a making or becoming specialized
2 a : structural adaptation of a body part to a particular function or of an organism for life in a particular environment b : a body part or an organism adapted by specialization
30
specialize
['speʃəlaiz] vi. 专门从事；详细说明；[生]特化
vt. 使专门化；使适应特殊情况；详细说明
Transitive verb
1 : to make particular mention of : PARTICULARIZE
2 : to apply or direct to a specific end or use *specialized their study*
intransitive verb
1 : to concentrate one's efforts in a special activity, field, or practice
2 : to undergo specialization; especially : to change adaptively
31
specified
['spesifaid] adj. 规定的；详细说明的
| v. 指定；详细说明（specify的过去分词）
32
specimen
['spesimin, -əmən] n. 样品，样本；标本
Noun.1 a : an individual, item, or part considered typical of a group, class, or whole b : a portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study *a urine specimen*
2 a : something that obviously belongs to a particular category but is noticed by reason of an individual distinguishing characteristic b : PERSON, INDIVIDUAL *he's a tough specimen*
3 : a plant grown for exhibition or in the open to display its full development *specimen trees*
synonyms see INSTANCE
33
specious
['spi:ʃəs] adj. 似是而非的；外表美观的；华而不实的；徒有其表的
Adj.1 obsolete : SHOWY
2 : having deceptive attraction or allure
3 : having a false look of truth or genuineness : SOPHISTIC *specious reasoning*
34
spectator
[spek'teitə, 'spekt-] n. 观众；旁观者
Noun.1 : one who looks on or watches
2 : a woman's pump usually having contrasting colors with a perforated design at the toe and sometimes heel
35
specter
['spektə] n. 幽灵；妖怪；恐怖之物
Noun.1 : a visible disembodied spirit : GHOST
2 : something that haunts or perturbs the mind : PHANTASM *the specter of hunger*
36
spectral
['spektrəl] adj. [物]光谱的；幽灵的；鬼怪的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or suggesting a specter : GHOSTLY
2 : of, relating to, or made by a spectrum
37
spectrum
['spektrəm] n. [物]光谱；[电信]频谱；范围；[心]余象
Noun.1 a : a continuum of color formed when a beam of white light is dispersed (as by passage through a prism) so that its component wavelengths are arranged in order b : any of various continua that resemble a color spectrum in consisting of an ordered arrangement by a particular characteristic (as frequency or energy): as (1) : ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (2) : RADIO SPECTRUM (3) : the range of frequencies of sound waves (4) : MASS SPECTRUM c : the representation (as a plot) of a spectrum
2 a : a continuous sequence or range *a wide spectrum of interests* *opposite ends of the political spectrum* b : kinds of organisms associated with a particular situation (as an environment) c : a range of effectiveness against pathogenic organisms *an antibiotic with a broad spectrum*
38
speculate
['spekjuleit] vi. 推测；投机；思索
vt. 推断
Intransitive verb
1 a : to meditate on or ponder a subject : REFLECT b : to review something idly or casually and often inconclusively
2 : to assume a business risk in hope of gain; especially : to buy or sell in expectation of profiting from market fluctuations
transitive verb
1 : to take to be true on the basis of insufficient evidence : THEORIZE *speculated that a virus caused the disease*
2 : to be curious or doubtful about : WONDER *speculates whether it will rain all vacation*
synonyms see THINK
39
speculative
['spekjulətiv, -lei-] adj. 投机的；推测的；思索性的
Adj.1 : involving, based on, or constituting intellectual speculation; also : theoretical rather than demonstrable *speculative knowledge*
2 : marked by questioning curiosity *gave him a speculative glance*
3 : of, relating to, or being a financial speculation *speculative stocks* *speculative venture*
40
spherical
['sferikəl, 'sfiə-] adj. 球形的，球面的；天体的
Adj.1 : having the form of a sphere or of one of its segments
2 : relating to or dealing with a sphere or its properties
41
spice
[spais] n. 香料；情趣；调味品；少许
vt. 加香料于…；使…增添趣味
Noun.1 : any of various aromatic vegetable products (as pepper or nutmeg) used to season or flavor foods
2 a archaic : a small portion, quantity, or admixture : DASH b : something that gives zest or relish *variety's the very spice of life ?William Cowper*
3 : a pungent or fragrant odor : PERFUME
vt.1 : to season with spices
2 : to add zest or relish to *cynicism spiced with humor ?J. W. Dawson* ? often used with up
42
spinal
['spainəl] adj. 脊髓的；脊柱的；针的；脊骨的；尖刺的
n. 脊椎麻醉
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or situated near the spinal column
2 a : of, relating to, or affecting the spinal cord *spinal reflexes* b : having the spinal cord functionally isolated (as by surgical section) from the brain *experiments on spinal animals*
3 : of, relating to, or resembling a spine
Noun. : a spinal anesthetic
43
spined
[spaind] adj. 有刺的；有背骨的；有脊柱的
v. 纺；使旋转（spin的过去分词）
Adj.: furnished with a spine : SPINY
44
spineless
['spaɪnlɪs] adj. 没有骨气的；无脊椎的；懦弱的
Adj.1 : free from spines, thorns, or prickles
2 a : having no spinal column : INVERTEBRATE b : lacking strength of character
45
spinning
['spiniŋ] n. 纺纱
adj. 纺织的
v. 旋转，纺织（spin的现在分词）
Noun. : a method of fishing in which a lure is cast by use of a light flexible rod, a spinning reel, and a light line
46
spiny
['spaini] adj. 多刺的；麻烦的；尖刺状的
Adj.1 : abounding with difficulties, obstacles, or annoyances : THORNY *spiny problems*
2 : covered or armed with spines; broadly : bearing spines, prickles, or thorns
3 : slender and pointed like a spine
47
spiral
['spaiərəl] n. 螺旋；旋涡；螺旋形之物
adj. 螺旋形的；盘旋的
vt. 使成螺旋形；使作螺旋形上升
vi. 盘旋；成螺旋形；螺旋形上升（过去式spiraled/spiralled，过去分词spiraled/spiralled，现在分词spiraling/spiralling，第三人称单数spirals，副词spirally）
Adj.1 a : winding around a center or pole and gradually receding from or approaching it *the spiral curve of a watch spring* b : HELICAL c : SPIRAL-BOUND *a spiral notebook*
2 : of or relating to the advancement to higher levels through a series of cyclical movements
Noun.1 a : the path of a point in a plane moving around a central point while continuously receding from or approaching it b : a three-dimensional curve (as a helix) with one or more turns about an axis
2 : a single turn or coil in a spiral object
3 : something having a spiral form as: a : SPIRAL GALAXY b (1) : a spiral flight (2) : a kick or pass in which a football rotates on its long axis while moving through the air
4 : a continuously spreading and accelerating increase or decrease *wage spirals*
intransitive verb : to go and especially to rise or fall in a spiral course *costs spiraled upward*
transitive verb
1 : to form into a spiral
2 : to cause to spiral
48
spiritedness
['spiritidnis] n. 有精神；活泼；勇敢
Noun. : the quality or state of being spirited : ANIMATION, LIVELINESS, VIVACITY *her natural spiritedness detested the monotony?George Meredith* ? often used in combination *mean-spiritedness* *public-spiritedness*
49
spiritual
['spiritjuəl, -tʃuəl] n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）
adj. 精神的，心灵的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, consisting of, or affecting the spirit : INCORPOREAL *spiritual needs*
2 a : of or relating to sacred matters *spiritual songs* b : ecclesiastical rather than lay or temporal *spiritual authority* *lords spiritual*
3 : concerned with religious values
4 : related or joined in spirit *our spiritual home* *his spiritual heir*
5 a : of or relating to supernatural beings or phenomena b : of, relating to, or involving spiritualism : SPIRITUALISTIC
Noun.1 plural : things of a spiritual, ecclesiastical, or religious nature
2 : a religious song usually of a deeply emotional character that was developed especially among blacks in the southern United States
3 capitalized : any of a party of 13th and 14th century Franciscans advocating strict observance of a rule of poverty for their order
50
spongy
['spʌndʒi] adj. 海绵状的；轻软的；多孔而有弹性的；有吸水性的
Adj.1 : resembling a sponge: a : soft and full of cavities *spongy ice* b : elastic, porous, and absorbent
2 a : not firm or solid b : being in the form of a metallic sponge *spongy iron*
3 : moist and soft like a sponge full of water *a spongy moor*
51
spontaneity
[,spɔntə'neiəti, -'ni:i-] n. 自发性；自然发生
Noun.1 : the quality or state of being spontaneous
2 : voluntary or undetermined action or movement; also : its source
52
sporadic
[spəu'rædik, spɔ:-] adj. 零星的；分散的；不定时发生的
Adj.: occurring occasionally, singly, or in irregular or random instances *sporadic protests* *a sporadic disease*
synonyms see INFREQUENT
53
sprawl
[sprɔ:l] vi. 蔓延；伸开手足躺；无计划地扩展
vt. 懒散地伸开；使蔓生
n. 蔓生；伸开手足躺卧姿势
Intransitive verb
1 a archaic : to lie thrashing or tossing about b : to creep or clamber awkwardly
2 : to lie or sit with arms and legs spread out
3 : to spread or develop irregularly or without restraint *bushes sprawling along the road* *sprawling suburbs* *a sprawling narrative*
transitive verb : to cause to spread out carelessly or awkwardly *sprawled out her books on the table*
Noun.1 : the act, posture, or condition of sprawling
2 : an irregularly spread or scattered group or mass
3 : URBAN SPRAWL
54
sprawling
adj.1 : characterized by clumsy spreading or stretching (as of the arms or legs) : ['sprɔ:liŋ] adj. 蔓生的，不规则地伸展的
v. （手脚）不自然地伸开；笨拙地爬（sprawl的现在分词）
UNGAINLY *this sprawling gait is characteristic of the crocodiles?W.E.Swinton*
2 : spreading or developing irregularly or erratically : STRAGGLING *a treeless, sprawling town with sandy streets?American Guide Series: Texas* *a sprawling book, discursive and prolix?Brendan Gill*
3 : carelessly irregular : SCRAWLY *a letter written in a sprawling hand*
55
sprout
[spraut] vi. 发芽；长芽
vt. 使发芽；使萌芽
n. 芽；萌芽；苗芽
Intransitive verb
1 : to grow, spring up, or come forth as or as if a sprout
2 : to send out new growth
transitive verb : to send forth or up : cause to develop : GROW
Noun.1 a : SHOOT 1a; especially : a young shoot (as from a seed or root) b plural (1) chiefly British : BRUSSELS SPROUT 2 (2) : edible sprouts especially from recently germinated seeds (as of alfalfa or mung beans)
2 : something resembling a sprout: as a : a young person b : SCION 2
56
spruce
[spru:s] vi. 打扮整齐；使显干净
adj. 整洁的
vt. 打扮整齐
n. 云杉
Transitive verb : to make spruce ? often used with up
intransitive verb : to make oneself spruce *spruce up a bit*
Adj.: neat or smart in appearance : TRIM
Noun.1 a : any of a genus (Picea) of evergreen trees of the pine family with a conical head of dense foliage, flat or 4-sided needles, pendulous cones, and soft light wood b : any of several coniferous trees (as Douglas fir) of similar habit
2 : the wood of a spruce
57
spurious
['spjuəriəs] adj. 假的；伪造的；欺骗的
Adj.1 : of illegitimate birth : BASTARD
2 : outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities : FALSE *the spurious eminence of the pop celebrity*
3 a : of falsified or erroneously attributed origin : FORGED *a spurious signature* b : of a deceitful nature or quality *spurious excuses*
58
spurn
[spə:n] vt. 唾弃；冷落；一脚踢开
vi. 摒弃；藐视
n. 藐视，摒弃；踢开
Intransitive verb
1 obsolete a : STUMBLE b : KICK 1a
2 archaic : to reject something disdainfully
transitive verb
1 : to tread sharply or heavily upon : TRAMPLE
2 : to reject with disdain or contempt : SCORN
synonyms see DECLINE
Noun.1 a : KICK 1a b obsolete : STUMBLE
2 a : disdainful rejection b : contemptuous treatment
59
squalid
['skwɔlid, 'skɔ:-] adj. 肮脏的；污秽的；卑劣的
Adj.1 : marked by filthiness and degradation from neglect or poverty
2 : SORDID
synonyms see DIRTY
60
squander
```
['skwɔndə] vt. 浪费
vi. 浪费；漂泊
n. 浪费
Transitive verb
1 : to spend extravagantly or foolishly : DISSIPATE, WASTE *squandered a fortune*
2 : to cause to disperse : SCATTER
3 : to lose (as an advantage or opportunity) through negligence or inaction
intransitive verb : DISPERSE, SCATTER
Noun.: an act of squandering
```
61
squirt
[skwə:t] n. 喷射；注射
vt. 喷湿
vi. 喷出
Intransitive verb : to come forth in a sudden rapid stream from a narrow opening : SPURT
transitive verb : to cause to squirt
Noun.1 a : an instrument (as a syringe) for squirting a liquid b : a small quick stream : JET c : the action or an instance of squirting
2 a : an impudent youngster b : KID 3
62
stabilize
['steibilaiz] vt. 使稳固，使安定
vi. 稳定，安定
Transitive verb
1 : to make stable, steadfast, or firm
2 : to hold steady: as a : to maintain the stability of (as an airplane) by means of a stabilizer b : to limit fluctuations of (as prices) c : to establish a minimum price for
intransitive verb : to become stable, firm, or steadfast
63
stagger
['stæɡə] vt. 蹒跚；使交错；使犹豫
vi. 蹒跚；犹豫
n. 蹒跚；交错安排
adj. 交错的；错开的
Intransitive verb
1 a : to reel from side to side : TOTTER b : to move on unsteadily *staggered toward the door*
2 : to waver in purpose or action : HESITATE
3 : to rock violently *the ship staggered*
transitive verb
1 : to cause to doubt or hesitate : PERPLEX
2 : to cause to reel or totter
3 : to arrange in any of various zigzags, alternations, or overlappings of position or time *stagger work shifts* *stagger teeth on a cutter*
Noun.1 plural but singular or plural in construction : an abnormal condition of domestic animals associated with damage to the central nervous system and marked by incoordination and a reeling unsteady gait
2 : a reeling or unsteady gait or stance
3 : an arrangement in which the leading edge of the upper wing of a biplane is advanced over that of the lower
Adj. : marked by an alternating or overlapping pattern
64
stagnant
['stæɡnənt] adj. 停滞的；不景气的；污浊的；迟钝的
Adj.1 a : not flowing in a current or stream *stagnant water* b : STALE *long disuse had made the air stagnant and foul ?Bram Stoker*
2 : not advancing or developing *a stagnant economy*
65
stagnate
['stæɡneit, stæɡ'neit] vi. 停滞；淤塞；变萧条
vt. 使淤塞；使沉滞；使萧条
Intransitive verb.: to become or remain stagnant
66
stagnation
[stæɡ'neiʃən] n. 停滞；滞止
Noun.1 : the state or condition of being stagnant : absence or cessation of movement, growth, or activity : TORPOR *a complete stagnation of technique during the second century?C.A.Robinson* *again took up painting after a period of stagnation during the war years?Rhys Gwyn*
2 : a phase of mature capitalist economic development characterized by a decline in investment opportunities, an overaccumulation of idle savings, and a low level of income and employment
67
stained
[steind] adj. 玷污的；著色的
v. 玷污；败坏；给…染色（stain的过去式和过去分词）
Adj.1 : discolored with stains *a stained and tattered jacket* ? often used in combination *her tear-stained cheeks*
2 : colored with stain *a bookcase stained and waxed* ? often used in combination *a brown-stained house*
68
stalk
[stɔ:k] n. （植物的）茎，秆；（支持叶子、果实和花的）梗，柄；追踪；高视阔步
vt. 追踪，潜近；高视阔步
vi. 高视阔步地走；潜近，偷偷接近
Noun.1 : a slender upright object or supporting or connecting part; especially : PEDUNCLE
2 a : the main stem of an herbaceous plant often with its dependent parts b : a part of a plant (as a petiole or stipe) that supports another
intransitive verb
1 : to pursue quarry or prey stealthily
2 : to walk stiffly or haughtily
transitive verb
1 : to pursue by stalking
2 : to go through (an area) in search of prey or quarry *stalk the woods for deer*
3 : to pursue obsessively and to the point of harassment
Noun.1 : the act of stalking
2 : a stalking gait
69
stalwart
```
['stɔ:lwət] adj. 坚定的；健壮的
n. 坚定分子
Adj.: marked by outstanding strength and vigor of body, mind, or spirit *stalwart common sense*
synonyms see STRONG
Noun.1 : a stalwart person
2 : an unwavering partisan
```
70
stark
[stɑ:k] adj. 完全的；荒凉的；刻板的；光秃秃的；朴实的
adv. 完全；明显地；突出地；质朴地
Adj.1 a : rigid in or as if in death b : rigidly conforming (as to a pattern or doctrine) : ABSOLUTE *stark discipline*
2 archaic : STRONG, ROBUST
3 : UTTER, SHEER *stark nonsense*
4 a : BARREN, DESOLATE b (1) : having few or no ornaments : BARE *a stark white room* (2) : HARSH, BLUNT *the stark realities of death*
5 : sharply delineated *a stark contrast*
Adv.1 : in a stark manner
2 : to an absolute or complete degree : WHOLLY *stark naked* *stark mad*
71
stash
[stæʃ] n. 藏匿处；藏匿物
vt. 存放；贮藏
vi. 存放；藏起来
vt. : to store in a usually secret place for future use ? often used with away
Noun.1 : hiding place : CACHE
2 : something stored or hidden away *a stash of narcotics*
72
stasis
['steisis, 'stæ-] n. 郁积，停滞；血行停滞
Noun.1 : a slowing or stoppage of the normal flow of a bodily fluid or semifluid: as a : slowing of the current of circulating blood b : reduced motility of the intestines with retention of feces
2 a : a state of static balance or equilibrium : STAGNATION b : a state or period of stability during which little or no evolutionary change in a lineage occurs
73
stately
['steitli] adj. 庄严的；堂皇的，宏伟的
Adj.1 a : marked by lofty or imposing dignity b : HAUGHTY, UNAPPROACHABLE
2 : impressive in size or proportions
synonyms see GRAND
74
static
['stætik] adj. 静态的；[物]静电的；静力的
n. [物]静电；静电干扰
Adj.1 : exerting force by reason of weight alone without motion
2 : of or relating to bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium
3 : showing little change *a static population*
4 a : characterized by a lack of movement, animation, or progression b : producing an effect of repose or quiescence *a static design*
5 a : standing or fixed in one place : STATIONARY b of water : stored in a tank but not under pressure
6 : of, relating to, or producing stationary charges of electricity : ELECTROSTATIC
7 : of, relating to, or caused by radio static
Noun.1 : noise produced in a radio or television receiver by atmospheric or various natural or man-made electrical disturbances; also : the electrical disturbances producing this noise
2 : heated opposition or criticism
75
steadfast
['stedfəst, -fɑ:st, -fæst] adj. 坚定的；不变的
Adj.1 a : firmly fixed in place : IMMOVABLE b : not subject to change *the steadfast doctrine of original sin ?Ellen Glasgow*
2 : firm in belief, determination, or adherence : LOYAL *her followers have remained steadfast*
synonyms see FAITHFUL
76
steadiness
['stedinis] n. 稳定；稳健；不变；稳固
| Noun. : the quality or state of being steady
77
steady
['stedi] adj. 稳定的；不变的；沉着的
vi. 稳固
vt. 使稳定；稳固；使坚定
adv. 稳定地；稳固地
n. 关系固定的情侣；固定支架
Adj.1 a : direct or sure in movement : UNFALTERING *a steady hand* b : firm in position : FIXED *held the pole steady* c : keeping nearly upright in a seaway *a steady ship*
2 : showing little variation or fluctuation : STABLE, UNIFORM *a steady breeze* *steady prices*
3 a : not easily disturbed or upset *steady nerves* b (1) : constant in feeling, principle, purpose, or attachment *steady friends* (2) : DEPENDABLE c : not given to dissipation : SOBER
transitive verb : to make or keep steady
intransitive verb : to become steady
Adv.1 : in a steady manner : STEADILY
2 : on the course set ? used as a direction to the helmsman of a ship
Noun. : one that is steady; specifically : a boyfriend or girlfriend with whom one goes steady
78
stellar
['stelə] adj. 星的；主要的；星球的
Adj.1 a : of or relating to the stars : ASTRAL b : composed of stars
2 : of or relating to a theatrical or film star *stellar names*
3 a : PRINCIPAL, LEADING *a stellar role* b : OUTSTANDING *a stellar performance*
79
stem
[stem] n. 干；茎；船首；血统
vt. 阻止；除去…的茎；给…装柄
vi. 阻止；起源于某事物；逆行
Noun.1 a : the main trunk of a plant; specifically : a primary plant axis that develops buds and shoots instead of roots b : a plant part (as a branch, petiole, or stipe) that supports another (as a leaf or fruit) c : the complete fruiting stalk of a banana plant with its bananas
2 a : the main upright member at the bow of a ship b : the bow or prow of a ship ? compare STERN
3 : a line of ancestry : STOCK; especially : a fundamental line from which others have arisen
4 : the part of an inflected word that remains after the inflected part is removed *strength is the stem of strengths*; also : ROOT 6
5 : something held to resemble a plant stem: as a : a main or heavy stroke of a letter b : the short perpendicular line extending from the head of a musical note c : the part of a tobacco pipe from the bowl outward d : the cylindrical support of a piece of stemware (as a goblet) e : a shaft of a watch used for winding
vt.1 : to make headway against (as an adverse tide, current, or wind)
2 : to check or go counter to (something adverse)
transitive verb
1 : to remove the stem from
2 : to make stems for (as artificial flowers)
intransitive verb : to occur or develop as a consequence : have or trace an origin *her success stems from hard work*
synonyms see SPRING
transitive verb
1 a : to stop or dam up (as a river) b : to stop or check by or as if by damming; especially : STANCH *stem a flow of blood*
2 : to turn (a ski) in stemming
intransitive verb
1 : to restrain or check oneself; also : to become checked or stanched
2 : to slide the heel of one ski or of both skis outward usually in making or preparing to make a turn
Noun.1 : CHECK, DAM
2 : an act or instance of stemming on skis
80
stereotype
['steriəutaip, 'stiə-] vt. 使用铅版；套用老套，使一成不变
n. 陈腔滥调，老套；铅版
vt.1 : to make a stereotype from
2 a : to repeat without variation : make hackneyed b : to develop a mental stereotype about
Noun.1 : a plate cast from a printing surface
2 : something conforming to a fixed or general pattern; especially : a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment
81
sterile
['sterail, -rəl] adj. 不育的；无菌的；贫瘠的；不毛的；枯燥乏味的
Adj.1 a : failing to bear or incapable of producing fruit or spores b : failing to produce or incapable of producing offspring *a sterile hybrid* c : incapable of germinating *sterile spores* d of a flower : neither perfect nor pistillate
2 a : unproductive of vegetation *a sterile arid region* b : free from living organisms and especially microorganisms *a sterile syringe* c : lacking in stimulating emotional or intellectual quality : LIFELESS *a sterile work of art*
82
stiffen
['stifən] vi. 变硬；变猛烈；变粘
vt. 使变硬；使粘稠
Transitive verb : to make stiff or stiffer
intransitive verb : to become stiff or stiffer
83
stilted
['stiltid] adj. 不自然的；呆板的；僵硬的
v. 使踩高跷（stilt的过去分词）
Adj.1 a : POMPOUS, LOFTY b : FORMAL, STIFF
2 : having the curve beginning at some distance above the impost *a stilted arch*
84
stimulate
['stimjuleit] vt. 刺激；鼓舞，激励
vi. 起刺激作用；起促进作用
Transitive verb
1 : to excite to activity or growth or to greater activity : ANIMATE, AROUSE
2 a : to function as a physiological stimulus to b : to arouse or affect by a stimulant (as a drug)
intransitive verb : to act as a stimulant or stimulus
synonyms see PROVOKE
85
stimulus
['stimjuləs] n. 刺激；激励；刺激物
Noun.: something that rouses or incites to activity: as a : INCENTIVE b : STIMULANT 1 c : an agent (as an environmental change) that directly influences the activity of a living organism or one of its parts (as by exciting a sensory organ or evoking muscular contraction or glandular secretion)
86
stingy
['stindʒi] adj. 吝啬的，小气的；有刺的；缺乏的
Adj.1 : not generous or liberal : sparing or scant in using, giving, or spending *stingy with the salt* *stingy employee benefits*
2 : meanly scanty or small *stingy portions of meat*
87
stint
[stint] n. 节约；定额，定量
vt. 节省；限制
vi. 紧缩，节省
Intransitive verb
1 archaic : STOP, DESIST
2 : to be sparing or frugal *not stinting with their praise*
transitive verb
1 archaic : to put an end to : STOP
2 a archaic : to limit within certain boundaries b : to restrict with respect to a share or allowance *stinted herself of luxuries*
Noun.1 a : a definite quantity of work assigned b : a period of time spent at a particular activity *served a brief stint as a waiter*
2 : RESTRAINT, LIMITATION
synonyms see TASK
Noun.: any of several small sandpipers (genus Calidris)
88
stipulate
['stipjuleit] vi. 规定；保证
vt. 规定；保证
adj. [植]有托叶的
Intransitive verb
1 : to make an agreement or covenant to do or forbear something : CONTRACT
2 : to demand an express term in an agreement ? used with for
transitive verb
1 : to specify as a condition or requirement (as of an agreement or offer)
2 : to give a guarantee of
Adj. : having stipules
89
stocky
['stɔki] adj. 矮壮的；健壮结实的
| Adj. : compact, sturdy, and relatively thick in build
90
stodgy
['stɔdʒi] adj. 平凡的；塞满的；庸俗的
Adj.1 : having a rich filling quality : HEAVY *stodgy bread*
2 : moving in a slow plodding way especially as a result of physical bulkiness
3 : BORING, DULL *out on a peaceful rather stodgy Sunday boat trip ?Edna Ferber*
4 : extremely old-fashioned : HIDEBOUND *received a pompously Victorian letter from his stodgy father ?E. E. S. Montagu*
5 a : DRAB b : DOWDY
91
stoic
['stəuik] n. 斯多葛学派哲学家；禁欲主义者;坚韧克己之人
adj. 斯多葛派的；禁欲主义的
noun.1 capitalized : a member of a school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium about 300 B.C. holding that the wise man should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submissive to natural law
2 : one apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain
Adj.1 capitalized : of, relating to, or resembling the Stoics or their doctrines *Stoic logic*
2 : not affected by or showing passion or feeling; especially : firmly restraining response to pain or distress *a stoic indifference to cold*
synonyms see IMPASSIVE
92
storage
['stɔridʒ] n. 存储；仓库；贮藏所
Noun.1 a : space or a place for storing b : an amount stored c : MEMORY 4
2 a : the act of storing : the state of being stored; especially : the safekeeping of goods in a depository (as a warehouse) b : the price charged for keeping goods in a storehouse
3 : the production by means of electric energy of chemical reactions that when allowed to reverse themselves generate electricity again without serious loss
93
stout
[staut] adj. 结实的；矮胖的；勇敢的；激烈的
n. 矮胖子；烈性啤酒
Adj.1 : strong of character: as a : BRAVE, BOLD b : FIRM, DETERMINED; also : OBSTINATE, UNCOMPROMISING
2 : physically or materially strong: a : STURDY, VIGOROUS b : STAUNCH, ENDURING c : sturdily constructed : SUBSTANTIAL
3 : FORCEFUL *a stout attack*; also : VIOLENT *a stout wind*
4 : bulky in body : FAT
synonyms see STRONG
Noun.1 : a very dark full-bodied ale with a distinctive malty flavor
2 a : a fat person b : a clothing size designed for the large figure
94
strait
[streit] adj. 狭窄的；苦恼的
n. 海峡；困境
Adj.1 archaic : STRICT, RIGOROUS
2 archaic a : NARROW b : limited in space or time c : closely fitting : CONSTRICTED, TIGHT
3 a : causing distress : DIFFICULT b : limited as to means or resources
Adv.obsolete : in a close or tight manner
Noun.1 a archaic : a narrow space or passage b : a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water ? often used in plural but sing. in constr. c : ISTHMUS
2 : a situation of perplexity or distress ? often used in plural *in dire straits*
synonyms see JUNCTURE
95
stratagem
['strætədʒəm] n. 策略；计谋
Noun.1 a : an artifice or trick in war for deceiving and outwitting the enemy b : a cleverly contrived trick or scheme for gaining an end
2 : skill in ruses or trickery
synonyms see TRICK
96
strategic
[strə'ti:dʒik] adj. 战略上的，战略的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or marked by strategy *a strategic retreat*
2 a : necessary to or important in the initiation, conduct, or completion of a strategic plan b : required for the conduct of war and not available in adequate quantities domestically *strategic materials* c : of great importance within an integrated whole or to a planned effect *emphasized strategic points*
3 : designed or trained to strike an enemy at the sources of its military, economic, or political power *a strategic bomber*
97
stratify
['strætifai] vt. 分层；成层；使形成阶层
vi. 分层；成层；阶层化
Transitive verb
1 : to form, deposit, or arrange in strata
2 a : to divide or arrange into classes, castes, or social strata b : to divide into a series of graded statuses
intransitive verb : to become arranged in strata
98
streak
[stri:k] n. 条纹，线条；倾向
vi. 飞跑，疾驶；加上条纹
vt. 飞跑，疾驰；加条纹于
Noun.1 : a line or mark of a different color or texture from the ground : STRIPE
2 a : the color of the fine powder of a mineral obtained by scratching or rubbing against a hard white surface and constituting an important distinguishing character b : inoculum implanted in a line on a solid medium c : any of numerous virus diseases of plants (as tobacco and maize) resembling mosaic but usually producing at least some linear markings
3 a : a narrow band of light b : a lightning bolt
4 a : a slight admixture : TRACE *had a mean streak in him* b : a brief run (as of luck) c : a consecutive series *was on a winning streak*
5 : a narrow layer (as of fat)
6 : an act or instance of streaking
transitive verb : to make streaks on or in *tears streaking her face*
intransitive verb
1 : to move swiftly : RUSH *a jet streaking across the sky*
2 : to have a streak (as of winning or outstanding performances)
3 : to run naked through a public place
99
strength
[streŋθ, streŋkθ] n. 力量；力气；兵力；长处
Noun.1 : the quality or state of being strong : capacity for exertion or endurance
2 : power to resist force : SOLIDITY, TOUGHNESS
3 : power of resisting attack : IMPREGNABILITY
4 a : legal, logical, or moral force b : a strong attribute or inherent asset *the strengths and the weaknesses of the book are evident*
5 a : degree of potency of effect or of concentration *chili peppers in varying strengths* b : intensity of light, color, sound, or odor c : vigor of expression
6 : force as measured in numbers : effective numbers of any body or organization *an army at full strength*
7 : one regarded as embodying or affording force or firmness : SUPPORT *you are my love and my strength*
8 : maintenance of or a rising tendency in a price level : firmness of prices *the strength of the dollar*
9 : BASIS ? used in the phrase on the strength of
synonyms see POWER
100
strenuous
['strenjuəs] adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的
Adj.1 a : vigorously active : ENERGETIC b : FERVENT, ZEALOUS *the proposal's most strenuous supporters*
2 : marked by or calling for energy or stamina : ARDUOUS *a strenuous hike*
synonyms see VIGOROUS
101
stride
```
[straid] n. 大步；步幅；进展
vt. 跨过；大踏步走过；跨坐在…
vi. 跨；跨过；大步行走
Intransitive verb
1 : to stand astride
2 : to move with or as if with long steps *strode across the room*
3 : to take a very long step
transitive verb
1 : BESTRIDE, STRADDLE
2 : to step over
3 : to move over or along with or as if with long measured steps *striding the boardwalk*
Noun.1 a : a cycle of locomotor movements (as of a horse) completed when the feet regain the initial relative positions; also : the distance traversed in a stride b : the most effective natural pace : maximum competence or capability ? often used in the phrase hit one's stride
2 : a long step
3 : an act of striding
4 : a stage of progress : ADVANCE *made great strides toward their goal*
5 : a manner of striding
6 : STRIDE PIANO
```
102
stringent
['strindʒənt] adj. 严厉的；迫切的；银根紧的
Adj.1 : TIGHT, CONSTRICTED
2 : marked by rigor, strictness, or severity especially with regard to rule or standard *stringent decontamination procedures*
3 : marked by money scarcity and credit strictness *a stringent budget*
synonyms see RIGID
103
strip
[strip] vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服
n. 带；条状；脱衣舞
vi. 脱去衣服
Transitive verb
1 a : to remove clothing, covering, or surface matter from b : to deprive of possessions c : to divest of honors, privileges, or functions
2 a : to remove extraneous or superficial matter from *a prose style stripped to the bones* b : to remove furniture, equipment, or accessories from *strip a ship for action*
3 : to make bare or clear (as by cutting or grazing)
4 : to finish a milking of by pressing the last available milk from the teats *strip a cow*
5 a : to remove cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) b : to remove the midrib from (tobacco leaves)
6 : to tear or damage the thread of (a separable part or fitting)
7 : to separate (components) from a mixture or solution
8 : to press eggs or milt out of (a fish)
9 : to remove (a subcutaneous vein) by means of a surgical instrument *stripping a varicose saphenous vein*
intransitive verb
1 a : to take off clothes b : to perform a striptease
2 : PEEL 1
Noun.1 a : a long narrow piece of a material b : a long narrow area of land or water
2 : AIRSTRIP
3 : a commercially developed area especially along a highway
4 : COMIC STRIP
5 : STRIPTEASE
104
strive
[straiv] vi. 努力；奋斗；抗争
Intransitive verb.1 : to devote serious effort or energy : ENDEAVOR *strive to finish a project*
2 : to struggle in opposition : CONTEND
synonyms see ATTEMPT
105
stronghold
['strɔŋhəuld, 'strɔ:ŋ-] n. 要塞；大本营；中心地
Noun.1 : a fortified place
2 a : a place of security or survival *one of the last strongholds of the ancient Gaelic language ?George Holmes* b : a place dominated by a particular group or marked by a particular characteristic *a Republican stronghold* *strongholds of snobbery ?Lionel Trilling*
106
structure
['strʌktʃə] n. 结构；构造；建筑物
vt. 组织；构成；建造
Noun.1 : the action of building : CONSTRUCTION
2 a : something (as a building) that is constructed b : something arranged in a definite pattern of organization *a rigid totalitarian structure ?J. L. Hess* *leaves and other plant structures*
3 : manner of construction : MAKEUP *Gothic in structure*
4 a : the arrangement of particles or parts in a substance or body *soil structure* *molecular structure* b : organization of parts as dominated by the general character of the whole *economic structure* *personality structure* c : coherent form or organization *tried to give some structure to the children's lives*
5 : the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other *the structure of a language*
vt.1 : to form into or according to a structure
2 : CONSTRUCT
107
stumble
```
['stʌmbl] vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错
vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒
n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行
Intransitive verb
1 a : to fall into sin or waywardness b : to make an error : BLUNDER c : to come to an obstacle to belief
2 : to trip in walking or running
3 a : to walk unsteadily or clumsily b : to speak or act in a hesitant or faltering manner
4 a : to come unexpectedly or by chance *stumble onto the truth* b : to fall or move carelessly
transitive verb
1 : to cause to stumble : TRIP
2 : BEWILDER, CONFOUND
Noun.: an act or instance of stumbling
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stunning
['stʌniŋ] adj. 极好的；使人晕倒的；震耳欲聋的
v. 把…打昏；使震耳欲聋；使大吃一惊（stun的ing形式）
Adj.1 : causing astonishment or disbelief *stunning news*
2 : strikingly impressive especially in beauty or excellence *a stunning view* *stunning workmanship*
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stylize
['stailaiz] vt. 使风格化；使程式化
vi. 符合特定（或传统）程式
vt. : to conform to a conventional style; specifically : to represent or design according to a style or stylistic pattern rather than according to nature or tradition
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stymie
['staimi] vt. 从中作梗，阻挠；妨碍
n. 妨碍球
vt. : to present an obstacle to : stand in the way of *stymied by red tape*
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subdue
[səb'dju:] vt. 征服；抑制；减轻
vt.1 : to conquer and bring into subjection : VANQUISH
2 : to bring under control especially by an exertion of the will : CURB *subdued my foolish fears*
3 : to bring (land) under cultivation
4 : to reduce the intensity or degree of : tone down
synonyms see CONQUER
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subdued
[səb'dju:d] adj. 减弱的；被制服的；被抑制的
v. 使服从，压制，减弱（subdue 的过去式和过去分词）
Adj.: lacking in vitality, intensity, or strength *subdued colors*
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subjective
[səb'dʒektiv] adj. 主观的；个人的；自觉的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or constituting a subject: as a obsolete : of, relating to, or characteristic of one that is a subject especially in lack of freedom of action or in submissiveness b : being or relating to a grammatical subject; especially : NOMINATIVE
2 : of or relating to the essential being of that which has substance, qualities, attributes, or relations
3 a : characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind : PHENOMENAL ? compare OBJECTIVE 1b b : relating to or being experience or knowledge as conditioned by personal mental characteristics or states
4 a (1) : peculiar to a particular individual : PERSONAL *subjective judgments* (2) : modified or affected by personal views, experience, or background *a subjective account of the incident* b : arising from conditions within the brain or sense organs and not directly caused by external stimuli *subjective sensations* c : arising out of or identified by means of one's perception of one's own states and processes *a subjective symptom of disease* ? compare OBJECTIVE 1c
5 : lacking in reality or substance : ILLUSORY
Noun.: something that is subjective; also : NOMINATIVE
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submerged
[səb'mə:dʒd] adj. 水下的，在水中的
v. 潜入水中（submerge的过去分词）；使陷入
Adj.1 : covered with water
2 : SUBMERSED b
3 : sunk in poverty and misery *the submerged masses* *the submerged tenth of the population*
4 : HIDDEN, SUPPRESSED *submerged emotions*
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submission
[səb'miʃən] n. 投降；提交（物）；服从；[律]（向法官提出的）意见；谦恭
Noun.1 a : a legal agreement to submit to the decision of arbitrators b : an act of submitting something (as for consideration or inspection); also : something submitted (as a manuscript)
2 : the condition of being submissive, humble, or compliant
3 : an act of submitting to the authority or control of another
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subordinate
[sə'bɔ:dinət, -neit, sə'bɔ:dineit] n. 下属，下级；部属，属下
adj. 从属的；次要的
vt. 使……居下位；使……服从
Adj.1 : placed in or occupying a lower class, rank, or position : INFERIOR *a subordinate officer*
2 : submissive to or controlled by authority
3 a : of, relating to, or constituting a clause that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb b : SUBORDINATING
Noun.: one that is subordinate
vt.1 : to make subject or subservient
2 : to treat as of less value or importance *stylistTwhose crystalline prose subordinates content to form ?Susan Heath*
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subservient
[səb:sə:viənt] adj. 屈从的；奉承的；有用的；有帮助的
Adj.1 : useful in an inferior capacity : SUBORDINATE
2 : serving to promote some end
3 : obsequiously submissive : TRUCKLING
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subside
[səb'said] vi. 平息；减弱；沉淀；[口]坐下
Intransitive verb.1 : to sink or fall to the bottom : SETTLE
2 : to tend downward : DESCEND; especially : to flatten out so as to form a depression
3 : to let oneself settle down : SINK *subsided into a chair*
4 : to become quiet or less *as the fever subsides* *my anger subsided*
synonyms see ABATE
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subsidize
['sʌbsidaiz] vt. 资助；给与奖助金；向…行贿
vt.: to furnish with a subsidy: as a : to purchase the assistance of by payment of a subsidy b : to aid or promote (as a private enterprise) with public money *subsidize soybean farmers* *subsidize public transportation*
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subsist
[səb'sist] vi. 存在；维持生活
vt. 供养
Intransitive verb
1 a : to have existence : BE b : PERSIST, CONTINUE
2 : to have or acquire the necessities of life (as food and clothing); especially : to nourish oneself *subsisting on roots, berries and grubs*
3 a : to hold true b : to be logically conceivable as the subject of true statements
transitive verb : to support with provisions
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substantiate
[səb'stænʃieit] vt. 证实；使实体化
vt.1 : to give substance or form to : EMBODY
2 : to establish by proof or competent evidence : VERIFY *substantiate a charge*
synonyms see CONFIRM
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substantive
['sʌbstəntiv] adj. 有实质的；大量的；真实的；独立存在的
n. 名词性实词；独立存在的实体
Noun. : NOUN; broadly : a word or word group functioning syntactically as a noun
Adj.1 : being a totally independent entity
2 a : real rather than apparent : FIRM *need substantive evidence to prove her guilt*; also : PERMANENT, ENDURING b : belonging to the substance of a thing : ESSENTIAL c : expressing existence *the substantive verb is the verb to be* d : requiring or involving no mordant *a substantive dyeing process*
3 a : having the nature or function of a grammatical substantive *a substantive phrase* b : relating to or having the character of a noun or pronominal term in logic
4 : considerable in amount or numbers : SUBSTANTIAL *made substantive progress*
5 : creating and defining rights and duties *substantive law* ? compare PROCEDURAL
6 : having substance : involving matters of major or practical importance to all concerned *substantive discussions among world leaders*
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substitute
['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t] n. 代用品；代替者
vi. 替代
vt. 代替
Noun. : a person or thing that takes the place or function of another
transitive verb
1 a : to put or use in the place of another b : to introduce (an atom or group) as a substituent; also : to alter (as a compound) by introduction of a substituent *a substituted benzene ring*
2 : to take the place of : REPLACE
intransitive verb : to serve as a substitute
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subterranean
[,sʌbtə'reiniən] adj. 地下的；秘密的；隐蔽的
n. 地下工作者
Adj.1 : being, lying, or operating under the surface of the earth
2 : existing or working in secret : HIDDEN *a subterranean network of criminals*
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subtle
['sʌtl] adj. 微妙的；精细的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的
Adj.1 a : DELICATE, ELUSIVE *a subtle fragrance* b : difficult to understand or perceive : OBSCURE *subtle differences in sound*
2 a : PERCEPTIVE, REFINED *a writer's sharp and subtle moral sense* b : having or marked by keen insight and ability to penetrate deeply and thoroughly *a subtle scholar*
3 a : highly skillful : EXPERT *a subtle craftsman* b : cunningly made or contrived : INGENIOUS
4 : ARTFUL, CRAFTY *a subtle rogue*
5 : operating insidiously *subtle poisons*
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subtly
['sʌtli] adv. 精细地；巧妙地；敏锐地
| Adv.: in a subtle manner : with subtlety : so as to be subtle
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subtract
[səb'trækt] vt. 减去；扣掉
Transitive verb : to take away by or as if by deducting *subtract 5 from 9* *subtract funds from the project*
intransitive verb : to perform a subtraction
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subtractive
[səb:træktiv] adj. 减去的；负的；有负号的
Adj.1 : tending to subtract
2 : constituting or involving subtraction
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subversive
[səb'və:siv, sʌb-] adj. 破坏性的；从事颠覆的
n. 危险分子；颠覆分子
Adj. : tending to subvert : having a tendency to overthrow, upset, or destroy *hypocrisy is a vice subversive of manhood*; especially : intended to cause the overthrow of a government by unlawful means
Noun.: a person engaged in subversive activities or planning or attempting to subvert legally constituted authority especially by the employment of unconstitutional means
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subvert
[səb'və:t, sʌb-] vt. 颠覆；推翻；破坏
vt.1 : to overturn or overthrow from the foundation : RUIN
2 : to pervert or corrupt by an undermining of morals, allegiance, or faith
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successively
[sək'sesivli] adv. 相继地；接连着地
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succinct
[sək'siŋkt, sə's-] adj. 简洁的；简明的；紧身的
Adj.1 archaic a : being girded b : close-fitting
2 : marked by compact precise expression without wasted words *a succinct description*
synonyms see CONCISE
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succinctness
[sək'siŋktnis] n. 简明，简洁
| Noun.: the quality or state of being succinct
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succor
```
['sʌkə] n. 救援；援助者
vt. 救援；援助
Noun.1 : RELIEF; also : AID, HELP
2 : something that furnishes relief
vt.: to go to the aid of : RELIEVE
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succumb
[sə'kʌm] vi. 屈服；死；被压垮
Intransitive verb.1 : to yield to superior strength or force or overpowering appeal or desire *succumb to temptation*
2 : to be brought to an end (as death) by the effect of destructive or disruptive forces
synonyms see YIELD
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suffrage
['sʌfridʒ] n. 选举权；投票；参政权；代祷；赞成票
Noun.1 : a short intercessory prayer usually in a series
2 : a vote given in deciding a controverted question or electing a person for an office or trust
3 : the right of voting : FRANCHISE; also : the exercise of such right
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suffragist
['sʌfrədʒist] n. 妇女政权论者；参政权扩大论者
| Noun. : one who advocates extension of suffrage especially to women
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sully
['sʌli] vt. 玷污；使丢脸
n. 污点，损伤
vt. : to make soiled or tarnished : DEFILE
Noun.archaic : SOIL, STAIN
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sultry
['sʌltrɪ] adj. 闷热的；狂暴的；淫荡的
Adj.1 a : very hot and humid : SWELTERING *a sultry day* b : burning hot : TORRID *a sultry sun*
2 a : hot with passion or anger b : exciting or capable of exciting strong sexual desire *sultry glances*
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summary
['sʌməri] adj. 简易的；扼要的
n. 概要，摘要
Adj.1 : COMPREHENSIVE; especially : covering the main points succinctly
2 a : done without delay or formality : quickly executed *a summary dismissal* b : of, relating to, or using a summary proceeding *a summary trial*
synonyms see CONCISE
Noun.: an abstract, abridgment, or compendium especially of a preceding discourse
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sumptuous
['sʌmptjuəs, -tʃu-] adj. 华丽的，豪华的；奢侈的
Adj. : extremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent *sumptuous banquets* *a sumptuous residence*; also : MAGNIFICENT 4
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Sun-bronzed
adj.被太阳晒成古铜色的
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sunlit
['sʌnlit] adj. 阳光照射的；被日光照射了的
| Adj.: lighted by or as if by the sun
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superannuate
[,suːpə'rænjʊeɪt; 'sjuː-] vt. 废弃，淘汰；给……养老金使退休；解雇……
vi. 变得过时；因年老而领养老金退休
Transitive verb
1 : to make, declare, or prove obsolete or out-of-date
2 : to retire and pension because of age or infirmity
intransitive verb
1 : to become retired
2 : to become antiquated
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superb
[sju'pə:b, sə-] adj. 极好的；华丽的；宏伟的
Adj. : marked to the highest degree by grandeur, excellence, brilliance, or competence
synonyms see SPLENDID
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supercilious
[,sju:pə'siliəs] adj. 目空一切的，高傲的；傲慢的，自大的
Adj. : coolly and patronizingly haughty *reacted to their breach of etiquette with a supercilious smile*
synonyms see PROUD
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superficial
[,sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. 表面的；肤浅的
n. 表面文章；[用复数]外表；浅薄的人
Adj.1 a (1) : of, relating to, or located near a surface (2) : lying on, not penetrating below, or affecting only the surface *superficial wounds* b British , of a unit of measure : SQUARE *superficial foot*
2 a : concerned only with the obvious or apparent : SHALLOW b : seen on the surface : EXTERNAL c : presenting only an appearance without substance or significance
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superficially
['su:pə'fiʃəli] adv. 表面地；浅薄地
149
superfluous
[sju'pə:fluəs] adj. 多余的；不必要的；[废]奢侈的
Adj.1 a : exceeding what is sufficient, necessary, normal, or desirable : SUPERABUNDANT, SURPLUS, NONESSENTIAL, SUPEREROGATORY *eliminating superfluous words and replacing loose phrases with single words that express the thought?New York Times* *armed ships allow nothing superfluous to litter up the deck?Herman Melville* *silver plate T was the most suitable outlet for superfluous wealth T when modern facilities for investment did not exist?Edwin Benson* b obsolete (1) : unpleasantly excessive (2) : ABNORMAL *a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose, or any thing superfluous?Lev 21:18 (Authorized Version)* (3) : INORDINATE *purchased at a superfluous rate?Shakespeare* c : exceeding the octave compass in an ecclesiastical mode
2 a obsolete : WASTEFUL, EXTRAVAGANT b : doing something unnecessary, irrelevant, or frivolous *so superfluous as to demand the time of day?Shakespeare*
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supernova
[,sju:pə'nəuvə] n. [天]超新星
Noun.: one of the rarely observed nova outbursts in which the maximum intrinsic luminosity may reach 100 million times that of the sun
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supersede
[,sju:pə'si:d] vt. 取代，代替；紧接着……而到来
vi. 推迟行动
Transitive verb
1 law a : POSTPONE, DEFER b : to fail to proceed with : DISCONTINUE c obsolete : to refrain from : OMIT, FORBEAR d : to suspend the operation (of a judgment or order) by means of a supersedeas
2 obsolete : to omit mention of
3 a : to make obsolete, inferior, or outmoded *the lapse of time has superseded his astronomical system?Benjamin Farrington* b : to make void : ANNUL, OVERRIDE *established the principle that the welfare of a child superseded judgments rendered by the courts?Current Biography* c : to make superfluous or unnecessary *this brief account T is intended to supersede the necessity of a long and minute detail?Jane Austen*
4 : to take the place of and outmode by superiority : supplant and make inferior by better or more efficiently serving a function *the automobile began to supersede the horse?American Guide Series: Minnesota* *the canal never paid T because railroads soon superseded it?Samuel Van Valkenburg & Ellsworth Huntington*
5 a : to cause to be supplanted in a position or function *in course of time this organization would have to be superseded by another?Shlomo Katz* b : to succeed to the position, office, or function of : take the place of *the department T superseded the geologic and economic survey?American Guide Series: North Carolina* *supersede another as chairman*
6 : to follow after in the course of time *as truth prevails over error T goodness tends to supersede badness?Samuel Alexander*
7 : to take precedence over *the movement for adjournment supersedes the bill under discussion*
intransitive verb : to defer action : FORBEAR *supersede to name the many other difficulties?F.W.Newman*
synonyms see REPLACE
