L11: Active Immunizations

Question 1

_____: Stimulation of immune response to induce protection

Answer 1

Active Immunizations

Question 2

_____ against viral illnesses includes the use of vaccines or antibody-containing preparations to provide a susceptible individual with immunologic protection against a specific disease

Answer 2

Immunoprophylaxis

Question 3

Two major types of vaccines?

Answer 3

Whole Organism
Subunit/Purified Macromolecule

Question 4

Three types of Whole Organism vaccines?

Answer 4

1) Killed
2) Attenuated
3) Heterologous

Question 5

Which vaccine has the following features?
- targeted pathogen killed/inactivated via: physical or chemical means (no longer replicate in host)

Advantages
- stable; does NOT require cold chain
- can be administered to pregnant women + immune compromised people

Disadvantages
- requires multiple boosters
- processed via exogenous antigen processing, since they only enter antigen processing cells by phagocytosis/endocytosis

A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines

Answer 5

B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

Question 6

Which vaccines use living organisms that have been treated in such a way that they lose their VIRULENCE but retain ability to undergo limited replication within host?
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines

Answer 6

A. Live Attenuated Vaccines

Question 7

What are two advantages of using live/attenuated vaccines over killed/inactivated?

Answer 7

1) Processed by endo/exo pathway - induce both antibody and cell mediated immune response
2) Don’t need boosters

Question 8

Two disadvantages of using live/attenuated vaccines over killed/inactivated?

Answer 8

1) Cold chain required
2) Prone to revert to virulent form - esp. in IC people

Question 9

The smallpox vaccine is an example of:
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines

Answer 9

C. Live Heterologous Vaccines

Question 10

Four ways to attenuate a pathogen?

Answer 10

1) Prolonged growth of cells of a species that pathogen does not normally infect
2) Culture Attenuate (BCG vaccine)
3) Temperature Sensitive Mutants
4) Knock-out/Recombinant DNA

Question 11

True or False: Most vaccines that utilize purified macromolecules are processed as exogenous antigens and, therefore, elicit primarily ANTIBODY response and require BOOSTERS

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Three examples of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 12

1) Tetanus
2) Diptheria
3) Botulism

Question 13

True or False: If the main virulence factor for a pathogen is a toxin, it may be purified and then inactivated chemically to eliminate TOXICITY of molecule, while maintaining IMMUNOGENICITY

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False: Capsular polysaacharides are often virulence factors and are often T-independent antigens. Unless conjugated to proteins, may require multiple boosters

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False: Capsular polysaacharides induce immunological memory and class switch

Answer 15

False - capsular polysaacharides do not induce either

Question 16

Meningococcal, pneumococcal, Hib, and Typhoid Fever are examples of:

Answer 16

Polysaccharide-based vaccines

Question 17

True or False: Influenza vaccines are treated with lipid solvents to remove envelope, result in exposure of SUBVIRON components

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: Hep A and HPV are made in yeast expression vectors (recombinant vaccines)

Answer 18

False - Hep B and HPV

Question 19

Which two companies made the recombinant vector COVID vaccines?

Which companies made the nucleic acid COVID vaccines?

Answer 19

Recombinant vector = J/J; AstraZeneca
Nucleic acid = Moderna/Pfizer

Question 20

____: Number of potential substrates to which individual can respond (mono vs. multi)

Answer 20

Valency

Question 21

Hep B vaccine is ___ while combination Hep A and Hep B is ____

Answer 21

monovalent; diavlent

Question 22

Most of the adjuvants (chemical agents that enhance normal immune response) contain ___

Answer 22

alum

Question 23

How do most adjuvants act?

Answer 23

To focus a prolonged immune response by restricting antigen dispersion in vivo + forming depot of antigen at injection site

Question 24

Three ways to kill a pathogen/make toxoid to create a vaccine?

Answer 24

1) Formalin (crosslinks AA’s - conserves structural integrity, but destroys antigenic integrity)
2) Beta-propiolactone (crosslinks nucleic acids; kills w/o affecting antigenic structure)
3) Physical inactivation (UV Light, Heat)