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Molecular Immunology > Breakout Session 1 > Flashcards

Breakout Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the innate immune system are limited in their recognition of foreign molecules
to ________

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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2
Q

What are PAMP receptors are known as?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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3
Q

What three rule should PAMP’s follow?

A

1) NOT found naturally in the host
2) Conserved over a large number of organisms
3) Essential for survival for the microorganism

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4
Q

True or False: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) , Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), Peptidoglycan (PGN), and Lipoproteins are examples of
PAMP’s on a bacterial pathogen

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: C-type lectin receptors, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are examples of PRR’s located on the host cell

A

True

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6
Q

What type of carbohydrate structure do CLRs (C-Type Lectin Receptors) recognize: intracellular or extracellular?

A

Extracellular

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7
Q

What type of receptor protects against fungal and mycobacteria pathogens?

A

C-Type Lectin Receptors

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8
Q

Which transcription factor do all the members of the C-Type Lectin receptor family activate?

A

NF-kB

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9
Q

As a result of the C-Type Lectin receptor, NF-kB is activated.

What cytokine is produced?
What cell type is activated?

A

-IL-17 production (cytokine)
-Th17 cells

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10
Q

What type of PAMP’s do NLRs recognize?

A

Intracellular PAMP’s

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11
Q

Which receptor is most likely to recognize bacterial peptidoglycan and dsRNA from viruses and fungi?
A. C-Type Lectin
B. NLR
C.
D.

A
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12
Q

Which receptors is involved in the formation of inflammasomes?

A

NLR’s

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13
Q

____: cytoplasmic
multiprotein oligomers consisting of PRRs, caspase 1, PYCARD, NALP and
sometimes caspase 5.

A

Inflammasomes

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14
Q

Where are inflammasomes expressed?

A

Myeloid cells
-They are a component
of the innate immune system.

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15
Q

True or False: Do inflammasomes act as transcription
factors to induce cytokine production?

A

False

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16
Q

What molecules stimulate the maturation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1-β and IL-18) to promote the inflammatory response
against bacteria, fungi and viruses?

A

Inflammasomes

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17
Q

What type of PAMP’s do RIG-I family members recognize?

A

Intracellular cytoplasmic

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18
Q

Of the following, which are most important for initiating the innate immune response against RNA viruses?
A. TLR’s
B. RIG-I
C. CLR’s
D. NLR’s

A

B. RIG-I

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19
Q

Of the following, which activates IRF-3 ?
A. TLR’s
B. RIG-I
C. CLR’s
D. NLR’s

A

B. RIG-I

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20
Q

As a result of RIG-I, IRF-3 is activated. What two molecules are produced following this?
A. INF-alpha/INF-beta (anti-viral Type I
B. NF-Kb
C. All of the above

A

C. All of the above

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21
Q

____enhance the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

NF-Kb

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22
Q

Where are TLRs primarily expressed? What molecule do they use for signaling?

A

Antigen presenting cells (macrophages, DC, and B cells)

NF-kB

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23
Q

Individual TLRs selectively recruit adaptor molecules such as ____ which provide specific immunologic responses.

A

MyD88

24
Q

True or False: TLRs function as pentamers and have an ectodomain which is arginine-rich, horseshoe shaped, and are
involved in binding to PAMPs.

A

False - TLRs function as dimers
and have an ectodomain which is leucine-rich, horseshoe shaped, and are
involved in binding to PAMPs

25
Q

True or False: TLR’s have a 150 amino acid intracytoplasmic
domain that is homologous to the IL-1 receptor and is involved in signaling

A

True

26
Q

What type of PAMP’s do TLRs recognize? Examples?

A
  1. Extracellular PAMP’s
    (TLR 2-1, 2-2, 2-6
    TLR4 and TLR5)
  2. Intracellular vesicular receptors (inside ER, endosomes, lysosomes)
    (TLR3,7,8,9)
27
Q

What type of PAMP’s do cell surface TLRs identify?

A

Extracellular PAMPs
on Gram-negative and positive bacteria, fungi, and parasites

28
Q

Which TLR binds triacyl lipopeptides found on bacteria?

A. TLR2-1
B. TLR2-2
C. TLR2-6
D. TLR4
E. TLR5

A

A. TLR2-1

29
Q

Which TLR binds peptidoglycan,lipoarabinomannan, phospholipomannan and glycosylphosphatidylinositol?

A. TLR2-1
B. TLR2-2
C. TLR2-6
D. TLR4
E. TLR5

A

B. TLR2-2

30
Q

Which TLR binds diacyl lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, and zymosan?

A. TLR2-1
B. TLR2-2
C. TLR2-6
D. TLR4
E. TLR5

A

C. TLR2-6

31
Q

Which TLR binds lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria, fungal mannans, and envelope proteins on respiratory
syncytial virus?

A. TLR2-1
B. TLR2-2
C. TLR2-6
D. TLR4
E. TLR5

A

D. TLR4

32
Q

Which TLR binds binds flagellin on bacteria?
A. TLR2-1
B. TLR2-2
C. TLR2-6
D. TLR4
E. TLR5

A

E. TLR5

33
Q

What type of genetic information do intracellular vesicular TLRs recognize?

A

1) genomic RNA
2) DNA found in viruses
3) CpG motifs in bacteria/fungi

34
Q

____binds ssRNA from West Nile virus and dsRNA from Reovirus

A. TLR4
B. TLR5
C. TLR3

A

C. TLR3

35
Q

___ and ___ bind ssRNA found in Influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus

A. TLR4 and TLR5
B. TLR3 and TLR2
C. TLR7 and TLR8

A

C. TLR7 and TLR8

36
Q

____binds dsDNA found in Herpes simplex virus and CpG motifs found in bacterial and fungal DNA

A. TLR4
B. TLR3
C. TLR7
D. TLR9

A

D. TLR9

37
Q

___is the founding member of the TLR family and has been the most studied.

A

TLR4

38
Q

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a ligand for TLR4—contains____, a common
lipid backbone found in all LPS.

A

lipid A

39
Q

What two proteins function as LPS carriers?

A

CD14; LPS binding protein

40
Q

True or False: MD2 forms a complex with TLR4 on the cell surface and functions as a co-receptor for LPS

A

True

41
Q

How does LPS presentation to TLR4 begin?

What occurs after?

A

When soluble LBP binds LPS

CD14 binds to LBP and delivers LPS to the TLR4/MD2 complex

42
Q

When two copies of the TLR4/MD2 complex are bound by LPS they initiate signal
transduction through ___ and other signaling molecules, resulting in the
translation of cytokines and other mediators

A

MyD88

43
Q

What is the characteristic TLR recognizing Extracellular PAMPs? What is the characteristic TLR recognizing Intracellular PAMPs?

A

TLR4 ; TLR3

44
Q

TLR3 functions as a homodimer that binds ___ from phagocytosed viruses (such as RSV) while they are in the endosome.

TLR3 then associates with ___and activates ___to induce Interferon production and ___to induce inflammatory
cytokine production.

A

dsRNA

TRIF ; IRF3 ; NF-kB

45
Q

TLRs initiate intracellular signaling through Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-
containing adaptor molecules. Examples of adaptor molecules include: ___, ____, ____, and ____.

A

MyD88, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM

46
Q

True or False: Adaptor molecules are recruited by specific TLRs to activate specific signaling pathways.

A

True

47
Q

MyD88 is used by all TLRs except ____

A

TLR3

48
Q

What molecule does MyD88 activate to
induce inflammatory cytokines?

A

NF-kB

49
Q

Both TLR3 and TLR4 use what molecule?

A

TRIF

50
Q

What two molecules does TRIF activate? Effect?

A

NF-kB and IRF3

-Induces production of both inflammatory cytokines and anti-viral type I interferons.

51
Q

True or False: The intestinal epithelial cells, like other epithelial cells, express
toll like receptors that can initiate a systemic immune response to promote
inflammation

A

True

52
Q

TLRs are virtually absent on the ____ side of epithelial cells of the GI tract. Therefore, TLRs are only stimulated if the bacteria breach the
___ cell layer.

A

apical; epithelial

53
Q

If bacteria breach the epithelial layer of the GI tract,
cytosolic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and Toll like receptors (TLRs) on the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells and on ____ and ____ cells in the lamina propria can be activated.

A

macrophages; dendritic

54
Q

True or False: TLR stimulation in the GI tract leads to the

i. Production of factors (e.g., TFF3) that promote motility and repair
of the epithelium

ii. Participation in promoting B cell production of sIgA

iii. Maintenance of tight junctions

iv. Expression of anti-microbial peptides (e.g., defensins)

v. Increase phagocytic ability of dendritic cells and macrophages
without promoting inflammation

A

True

55
Q

LR 5 deficiency is associated with:
A. increases in encephalitis due to HSV type 1
B. increased susceptibility to legionella pneumonia
C. increased susceptibility to
pyogenic bacteria and pseudomonas species

A

B. increased susceptibility to legionella pneumonia

56
Q

Mutations in MyD88 and IRAK-4 are associated with:
A. increases in encephalitis due to HSV type 1
B. increased susceptibility to legionella pneumonia
C. increased susceptibility to
pyogenic bacteria and pseudomonas species

A

C. increased susceptibility to
pyogenic bacteria and pseudomonas species

57
Q

TLR3 deficiency is associated with:
A. increases in encephalitis due to HSV type 1
B. increased susceptibility to legionella pneumonia
C. increased susceptibility to
pyogenic bacteria and pseudomonas species

A

A. increases in encephalitis due to HSV type 1

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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