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Molecular Immunology > Passive Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Passive Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

_____ results from transfer of pre-formed immune components from one person to another

A

Passive Immunotherapy

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2
Q

Passive Immunotherapy is easy to accomplish with ___ but hard to accomplish with ___

A

antibodies; immune cells

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3
Q

True or False: In passive immunotherapy, the recipient must undergo synthesis/metabolism to acquire protection

A

False

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4
Q

Three examples of passive immunotherapy?

A

1) Toxin neutralization (TIG)
2) Prevent disease following exposure to a carrier (Rabies IgG)
3) Suppress or augment immune response

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5
Q

True or False: Immune globulin can be used to treat autoimmune diseases

A

True

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6
Q

Within immune globulins, there is a _____ fraction which contains all antibody reactivity. Due to this, it is termed the immune globulin.

A

Gamma globulin

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7
Q

_____ antibody results from immunization or recovery from infection

A

Polyclonal

aka: polyclonal activation of B cells (plasma cells)

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8
Q

What type of Ig is derived from MULTIPLE B cells and, therefore, represents an antibody against multiple epitopes?

A

Polyclonal Ig

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9
Q

Sources of polyclonal antibody preps?

A

Sera, placentae

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10
Q

True or False: Monoclonal antibody preps are usually lypophilized and reconstituted. Therefore, they are quite stable.

A

False - this is the case with polyclonal antibodies

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11
Q

How can you increase IgG concentrates 25 fold in polyclonal antibody preps?

A

Ethanol precipitation or concentrated ammonium sulfate

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12
Q

______ is a type of of immune globulin that is taken from more than 1,000 donors

A

Human Immune Globulin

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13
Q

What Ig is mostly found in Human Immune Globulin?

A

IgG

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14
Q

True or False: Human Immune Globulin is largely unstable but provides high level of Ab

A

False - it is stable and has high level of Ab

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15
Q

Three different preparations for Human Immune Globulin?

A

IMIG
SCIG
IVIG

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16
Q

True or False: A patient with Guillian-Barre, M. gravis, or Kawasaki —inflammatory/autoimmune processes— will benefit from monoclonal antibodies

A

False - they will benefit from human immune globulin

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17
Q

What are the two primary uses for human immune globulin?

A

1) Protect from infection
2) Suppressed inflammatory or autoimmune function

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18
Q

A person who is immunocompromised develops measles. What post-exposure prophylactic can be used?

A

Human Immune Globulin

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19
Q

Patient presents to clinic with hypogammaglobulinemia. What type of immune globulin can be given?

A

Human Immune Globulin
- note: this can also be used as prophylaxis

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20
Q

In contract to Human Immune Globulin, ______(SHIG) is an antibody preparation in which donors are screened for higher titer of antibody against certain antigen/pathogen

A

Specific human immune globulin (SHIG)

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21
Q

Both specific human immune globulin and human immune globulin, antibody preparations, are screened.

In the prior, however, they are screened for _____ while the latter are screened for _____

A

human immune globulin = bloodborne pathogens or antibodies

specific human immune globulin = high titer of Ab against antigen/pathogen

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22
Q

Examples of specific human immune globulin?

A

1) HBIG
2) HTIG
3) HRIG
4) DIG
5) VariZIG
6) RhoGAM
7) COVID-19 convalescent plasma

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23
Q

For polyclonal antibodies, anti-sera usually comes from _____, such as a horse

A

heterologous species

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24
Q

True or False: Scorpian, spider, and snake anti-venom are examples of MAB

A

False - they are a type of polyclonal antibody preparation

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25
Q

Contraindication for polyclonal antibody preps?

A

IgA deficiency
- risk of anaphylaxis

26
Q

Monoclonal preparations are derived from a ______ population and has binding specificity for a ____ epitope

A

clonal (arising from single parental B cell); single

27
Q

If an antibody binds a single epitope and multiple copies are found on virus surface, what type of preparation do you have: polyclonal or monoclonal?

A

Monoclonal

28
Q

True or False: Polyclonal antibodies are derived from many B cells, work against many epitopes, and have different binding specificity

A

True

29
Q

Side effect of anti-venoms (an example of polyclonal antibody preparation)?

A

Serum sickness

30
Q

Which type of polyclonal antibody preparation provides the broadest immunity

A

Human Immune Globulin

31
Q

For monoclonal antibodies ___ and ____ cells were combined to make hybridoma

A

myeloma and rat splenic cells

32
Q

What two features do hybridomas exhibit?

A

1) Immortal
2) Makes a single, specific, antibody

33
Q

Why did myeloma cells need to be fused to rat splenic cells to develop MAB?

A

Myleoma cells lack HGPRT - therefore: cannot grow in HAT medium unless fused

34
Q

Making MAB involves identifying fused cells and clones that make __________

A

specific antibody to antigen

35
Q

Two disadvantages of MAB?

A

1) Pricey
2) Usually from heterologous host

36
Q

How can MAB that come from heterologous host (mouse or other rodent) overcome foreignness?

A

-Recombinant DNA technology
-Mouse:human chimeras
-Antibody libraries
-Transgenic mice

37
Q

Three types of mouse hybridomas?

A

1) Mouse
2) Chimeric
3) Humanize

38
Q

Advantages of MAB?

A

1) no lot to lot variation in concentration
2) 100% of injected/infused protein is antibody SPECIFIC for target antigen

39
Q

New bispecific MAB can bind ___ different antigens

A

two

40
Q

Functions of MAB?

A

1) Prophylaxis - ID/disease in general
2) Targets tumors
3) Detects and treats cancers
4) Prevents allograft rejection
5) Treat auto-imm disease and hypersensitivty
6) Inhibit leukocyte migration
7) Neutralize cytokines

41
Q

Palivizumab is a MAB used for ____ prophylaxis.

Target?

A

RSV
- Target: anti-RSF F protein
- MOA: prevents virus from fusing into the target

42
Q

True or False: REGEN-COV is a MAB that binds to spike protein in order to block it

A

False - neutralizes it

43
Q

Trastuzumab is a MAB used to _______

Target?

A

target tumors

anti-ErbB-2 (epidermal growth factor receptor)

44
Q

What two unique mechanisms does trastuzumab use to target tumors?

A

1) Targets immune system and depletes targeted cells via:
- ADCC
- opsonization
-complement activation

2) Uses non-depleting MoAb (receptor blocker)
- blocks target cell from proliferating by blocking the GF-R

45
Q

Ibritumomab tiuxetan is a MAB used for ______

Target?

A

cancer detection and treatment

target = CD20 (B cell marker)

46
Q

How does Ibritumomab tiuxetan target small tumors and metastases?

A

1) MoAb-toxin
2) MoAb-radioisotope conjugates

47
Q

____ is a chimeric MAB that targets ____ on B cells for ADCC and classical pathway of complement cascade

A

Rituximab; CD20

48
Q

Which MAB is best for depleting B cells, which cause lymphoproliferative disorders and auto-immune diseases like RA?

A

Rituximab

49
Q

True or False: Muromonab-CD3 is a MAB that can be used to prevent allograft rejection and treat T1DM (autoimmune disease)

A

True

50
Q

Target for Muromonab-CD3?

A

Anti-CD3

51
Q

Compare and contrast the way that Muromonab-CD3 prevents allograft rejection and treats T1DM

A

In both cases, muromonab-CD3 targets Anti-CD3

To treat allograft rejection, uses a RECEPTOR BLOCKADE only!!!

To treat T1DM, uses both a RECEPTOR BLOCKADE + REDUCES T CELL NUMBER

52
Q

True or False: Muromonab-CD3 and Ibritumomab tiuxetan are murine antibodies

A

True

53
Q

Omalizumab is good for hypersensitivity treatments, such as ____ and ____
Target?

A

allergies and allergic asthma
Target: Anti IgE

54
Q

Omalizumab binds to the ___ portion of human IgE and prevents it from binding to Fc-R

A

Fc portion

55
Q

_____ is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule alpha4-integrin

A

Natalizumab

56
Q

True or False: Omalizumab can be used to inhibit leukocyte migration

A

False - Natalizumab can be used to inhibit leukocyte migration

57
Q

Natalizumab is used to treat what two conditions?

A

1) MS
2) Crohn’s

58
Q

Which MAB neutralizes cytokines?
Target?

A

Daclizumab
- IL-2R

59
Q

True or False: Daclizumab can be used to prevent RENAL allograft rejection

A

True

60
Q

How does Daclizumab work?

A

Blocks access of IL-2 to its receptor, preventing activation

61
Q

Two general mechanisms by which MAB work?

A

1) Deplete target cells via:
- complement
- opsonization
- ADCCC

2) non-depleting MoAB (receptor blocker without effects on cells)

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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