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Molecular Immunology > Lecture 16: Transplants > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Transplants Flashcards

1
Q

____: graft or transplant from one anatomical location to another on same person (e.g skin graft on burn patient)
A. Autograft
B. Allograft
C. Isograft
D. Xenograft

A

A. Autograft

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2
Q

In which case are donor and recipient histocompatible?
A. Autograft
B. Allograft
C. Isograft
D. Xenograft

A

C. Isograft

Isograft: graft or transplant from one person who is syngeneic to the donor (identical twins)

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3
Q

____: graft or transplant from one person that is genetically dissimilar, but of same species
A. Autograft
B. Allograft
C. Isograft
D. Xenograft

A

B. Allograft

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4
Q

____: a graft between donor and recipient from different species

A

Xenograft

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5
Q

_____: the first graft from a particular histo-incompatible (allograft or xenograft) donor leads to rejection after about 2 weeks

_____: the second graft from same donor will be completely rejected within a week

A

First-Set Rejection

Second-Set Rejection

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6
Q

True or False: Histological examination of failed transplants reveal lymphocytic and monocytic infiltrates

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Athymic animals and humans do not reject allografts or xenografts

A

True

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8
Q

What are the three categories of Allograft rejection?

A

1) Hyperacute
2) Acute
3) Chronic

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9
Q

How can one slow process of graft rejection?

A

Suppress immune response (cell mediated immunity)

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10
Q

Hyperacute rejection occurs within a ____ of transplant, while acute rejection occurs within a few ___ and chronic occurs within ____or years

A

hours; days; months-years

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11
Q

There is no therapy for which allograft rejection?

A

Hyperacute

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12
Q

Is cell mediated immunity involved in hyperacute allograft rejections?

A

No

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13
Q

Which allograft rejection is caused by pre-formed antibodies to incompatible MHC molecules and activation of complement?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

A. Hyperacute

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14
Q

A patient is pregnant and has recently had a blood transfusion. However, she is now experiencing a allograft rejection of which sort?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

A. Hyperacute

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15
Q

True or False: Loss of organ function is seen in Chronic and Acute Allograft Rejections

A

True

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16
Q

If a patient is having a allograft rejection and has not been previously sensitized to the transplant antigen, what type of rejection is it most likely to be?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

B. Acute
- note: this is a type of second set graft rejection

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17
Q

What is the primary means of acute allograft rejection?

A

T cell mediated immunity

  • also incomplete or mismatch in HLA types between donor and recipient
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18
Q

How can acute rejections be treated or prevented?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs (antibodies against T lymphocytes, corticosteroids)

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19
Q

Acute rejection is histologically characterized by infiltration of ___ and ___

A

macrophages; lymphocytes

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20
Q

True or False: destruction of cells by cytotoxic T cells, phagocytosis, and presentation of transplanted antigens to helper T cell may occur in hyperacute allograft rejections

A

False - will occur in ACUTE allograft rejections!

21
Q

Fever and leukocytosis are characteristic of which rejection?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

A. Hyperacute

22
Q

Which type of allograft rejection is caused by activation of CD4+ cells?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

C. Chronic

23
Q

Macrophage activation, cytotoxic T cell activation, antibody and complement (humoral), as well as AFCC is seen in which allograft rejection?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

C. Chronic

24
Q

Lymphoid proliferation, as well as formation of lymphoid follicles and fibrosis are seen in which type of allograft rejection?
A. Hyperacute
B. Acute
C. Chronic

A

C. Chronic

25
Q

Why are immunosuppresive therapies useless in chronic rejection?

A

Damage has already taken place

26
Q

How can you prevent Graft vs. Host Reactions?

A

Transplanted lymphocytes must be: IMMUNOCOMPETENT

Recipient must be: IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

E.g - bone marrow transplants

27
Q

Hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss are symptoms of ______

A

GVH reaction

28
Q

True or False: Transplantation of lymphocytes or their precursors from a donor to a genetically dissimilar recipient can result in the donor lymphocytes mounting an immune response against recipient’s tissues

A

True

29
Q

___ of genes is of prime immunological importance in graft acceptance or rejection. The products of this complex of genes are known as HLA

A

MHC

30
Q

Where is the MHC located?

A

Chromosome 6

31
Q

MHC Class 1 genes are: ______
MHC Class 2 genes are: ____

A

MHC-A, MHC-B, MHC-C
MHC-DP, DQ, DR

32
Q

___ alleles makes up the haplotype

A

six

  • two haplotypes, one inherited from each parent, constitutes the genotype
33
Q

The total number of HLA alleles expressed is __

A

12 (6 loci * 2 haplotypes)

34
Q

True or False: HLA molecules are even more polymorphic than originally believed

A

True

35
Q

Which molecules initiated graft rejection WITHOUT a requisite for processed peptide?
A. APC
B. HLA Class II
C. HLA Class I

A

B. HLA Class II

36
Q

What is the key initiating event in ACUTE allograft rejection?

A

Direct activation of recipient’s CD4+ T cells by non-self HLA Class II molecules expressed on grafted tissue

37
Q

Which molecules are the most potent transplantation antigens?

A

HLA Class II

38
Q

Good parity between donor and recipient at the ____ locus is associated with longest graft survival
A. HLA-DQ
B. HLA-DR
C. HLA-DP

A

B. HLA-DR

39
Q

Activation of CD4+ T cells via recognition of foreign HLA Class ___ occurs

A

HLA Class II

40
Q

Recipients CD8+ T cells may also be directly activated by non-self ____, but require assistance of CD4+ T cells (via: IL-2) to become fully activated

A

HLA Class I

41
Q

Which cytokines are most important in allograft rejection?
A. Th-1 in origin
B. IL-2
C. Th-2 in origin

A

A. Th-1 in origin

42
Q

Graft rejections reflect a type __ immune response
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4

A

A. Type 1

43
Q

True or False: TNF-B is cytotoxic to graft cells

A

True

44
Q

IFN-gamma, IFN-a/b, as well as TNF-a/B increase expression of HLA Class __ expression

A

HLA Class I

45
Q

____ for accumulation and activation of macrophages and increased HLA Class II expression

A

IFN-gamma

46
Q

___ is used to genotype HLA molecules

A

PCR

47
Q

____: inhibit lymphocyte gene expression, downregulated adhesion receptors, inhibit phagocytosis, and HLA molecule expression
A. Anti-metabolites
B. Blocking Agents
C. FK 506
D. Corticosteroids

A

D. Corticosteroids

48
Q

___: administration of mab therapy against CD3 (to block T cell activation) and against IL-23

A

Blocking agents

49
Q

___: purine antagonists, DNA alkylating agents
A. Anti-metabolites
B. Blocking Agents
C. FK 506
D. Corticosteroids

A

A. Anti-metabolites

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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