L8 - Psychological Skills II Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is the ultimate goal of Psychological Skills Training (PST)?
Self-regulation – athletes function effectively without constant direction
What distinguishes basic from advanced PST?
Basic PST includes relaxation, imagery, self-talk, and goal setting; advanced includes more tailored interventions
How is imagery defined in sport psychology?
Crafting or recreating experiences in the mind using senses; visualisation, mental/symbolic rehearsal
What are key uses of imagery in sport?
Motivation, concentration, confidence, emotion control, skill learning, strategy, injury recovery
When is imagery typically used in sport?
Before and during practice and competition
What are the two main functions of imagery?
Motivational and cognitive
What does the psycho-neuro-muscular theory propose?
Imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity as actual movement (Suinn, 1972, 1976)
What is symbolic learning theory?
Imagery builds mental blueprints for actions; supports strategy, decision-making (Sackett, 1934)
What is Lang’s (1977, 1979) bioinformational theory?
Imagery involves stimulus, response, and meaning propositions stored in the brain
What does PETTLEP stand for?
Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, Perspective – elements for effective imagery
How effective is imagery according to research?
Moderate overall effect, enhances motor performance, motivation, and emotional outcomes
What is a goal according to Locke et al. (1981)?
An ‘end state’ or aim of action; something we are working towards
What are the 5 key characteristics of goals (Locke & Latham, 1990)?
Difficulty, Specificity, Proximity, Source, Type
What does Goal Setting Theory (GST) propose?
Goals direct attention, energise effort, increase persistence, and promote strategy use
What are SMARTER goals?
Specific, Measurable, Actioned, Resourced, Time-based, Evaluate, Reset
Where did goal setting research originate?
Industrial/organisational settings: truck loading, clerical work, typing
How does Achievement Goal Theory relate to goal setting?
Task goals focus on mastery; Ego goals focus on outperforming others (Nicholls)
What are the three types of goals?
Outcome (winning), Performance (stats like pass %), Process (technique-focused)
Why are process and performance goals preferred over outcome goals?
Reduce anxiety, improve performance, more controllable and imagery-friendly
What is the role of PST in applied sport psychology?
Provides foundational tools like relaxation, self-talk, imagery, and goal setting; must be evidence-based
