Lab 1 - Rat Dissection

Question 1

2 major body cavitites

Answer 1

thoracic (heart, lungs) and abdominal (intestines, stomach, liver…)

Question 2

back of human/ top of rat called

Answer 2

dorsal (like dolphin)

Question 3

lateral

Answer 3

away from midline

Question 4

medial

Answer 4

towards the midline

Question 5

front of human/ bottom of rat called

Answer 5

ventral

Question 6

front of human/front of rat

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

back of rat/ back of human

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

how is friction between organs avoided?

Answer 8

organs encased in membranes filled with fluid

Question 9

mesothelial cells

Answer 9

produce serous fluid. Found in the bottom of the parietal peritoneum

Question 10

membrane in direct contact with the heart

Answer 10

visceral pericardium

Question 11

what fills the cavities of the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial membranes

Answer 11

serous fluid

Question 12

what separates the throacic and abdominal cavities?

Answer 12

diaphragm

Question 13

membrane which surrounds the lung and is in contact with other organs/ body wall

Answer 13

parietal pleural membrane

Question 14

which organs are found inside the peritoneal cavity

Answer 14

none (only serous fluid)

Question 15

term given to kidneys and why

Answer 15

“retro peritoneal” kidneys based on the fact that they are not with the peritoneal membrane

Question 16

mesentery

Answer 16

double layer of parietal peritoneum. Contains blood vessels, encased in fat, which carry deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood to the liver (hepatic portal vein)

Question 17

opening to the trachea

Answer 17

glottis

Question 18

differences between rat and human

Answer 18

• teeth: incisors lack enamel. leads to chisel-shape
• gall bladder absent in rats
• Y-shaped uterus in rats vs. pear-shaped

Question 19

human pericardium

Answer 19

thick, strong and fibrous

Question 20

membrane in direct contact with the small intestines

Answer 20

visceral peritoneum

Question 21

when cutting through the skin of the rat, what is the first membrane encountered?

Answer 21

parietal peritoneum

Question 22

the spleen has an important role in digestion… true/false?

Answer 22

FALSE - the spleen is part of the lymphatic system

Question 23

what is inside the pericardial cavity?

Answer 23

serous fluid

Question 24

does the oesophagus lie dorsal or ventral to the trachea

Answer 24

dorsal

Question 25

2 glands in which secretion occurs in the digestive system

Answer 25

liver (largest) and pancreas

Question 26

translucent region of the stomach

Answer 26

- lateral and anterior. - FOOD STORAGE. - no glands. - stratified squamous epithelium

Question 27

pyloric region of the stomach

Answer 27

- medial and posterior. - opaque. - DIGESTION. - Glands release acid and enzymes.

Question 28

pyloric sphincter

Answer 28

controls the release of chyme into the duodenum

Question 29

three regions of the small intestine

Answer 29

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum ("DJ ileum")

Question 30

pancreas

Answer 30

- lies close to the greater curvature of the stomach - exocrine cells secrete enzymes into duodenum - endocrine cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream - (rat pancreas) pink lobules suspended in mesentery

Question 31

liver

Answer 31

- endocrine and exocrine - bile production aids digestion - bile stored in gall bladder - large size ~4 lobes

Question 32

4 parts of the large intestine

Answer 32

caecum, colon, rectum, anus

Question 33

primary function of the large intestine

Answer 33

reabsorption of water

Question 34

caecum

Answer 34

bacteria act on gut contents while they are slow-moving. terminates in a veriform appendix which contains lymphoid tissue (no appendix in rats)

Question 35

colon

Answer 35

faeces form as water is withdrawn from the contents

Question 36

rectum

Answer 36

leads to the anal outlet

Question 37

anus

Answer 37

sphincter muscle which allows faeces to be voided

Question 38

membrane in close contact with the kidneys

Answer 38

parietal peritoneum

Question 39

adrenal glands

Answer 39

anterior pole of kidneys. cortex secretes steroid hormones, medulla secretes adrenalin

Question 40

prevents food from entering the trachea

Answer 40

epiglottis