Lab 2 - Human brain

Question 1

corpus callosum

Answer 1

white matter.

Commissural fibres which link the L and R hemispheres

Question 2

the _______ is grey matter thrown into ridges: _______ and folds: _______

Answer 2

the cortex is grey matter thrown into ridges: gyri and folds: sulci

Question 3

location of the primary visual cortex

Answer 3

in the occipital lobe, centered over the calcarine sulcus

Question 4

location of the basal ganglia. Which parts are visible?

Answer 4

the basal ganglia are deeply buried in each hemisphere. The head of the caudate nucleus will likely be visible as a bulge on the wall of the lateral ventricle

Question 5

Thalamus structure, function and location

Answer 5

• two lobes connected by the intermediate mass
• relays almost all of sensory input to the cortex
• large structure under the lateral ventricle and surrounded by the 3rd ventricle around the intermediate mass

Question 6

hypothalamus structure, function and location

Answer 6

• small “triangular” shaped
• controls internal body functions, and the autonomic nervous system
• superior to the pituitary and inferior to the thalamus and 3rd ventricle

Question 7

pituitary gland

Answer 7

a gland attached to the hypothalamus and controlled by it, but always torn off when the brain is removed from the skull because it is embedded into the skull

Question 8

4 things that make up the diencephalon of the forebrain

Answer 8

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. pituitary gland
4. third ventricle
5. internal capsule

Question 9

lateral ventricle

Answer 9

contains choroid plexus for CSF production

Question 10

if a groove is deep it is called

Answer 10

fissure

Question 11

mamillary body

Answer 11

reflexes to smell

Question 12

midbrain constitutes…

Answer 12

1. superior and inferior colliculi
2. cerebral aqueduct
3. cerebral peduncles
4. substantia nigra

Question 13

superior and inferior colliculi

Answer 13

superior colliculus = reflexes to sight

inferior colliculus = reflexes to sound

Question 14

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 14

links the 3rd and the 4th ventricles.

matchstick size.

Question 15

cerebral peduncles is a ______ _______ ______ which makes up the floor of the _______. They carry information between the _______ and the spinal cord (__________ fibres) and between the ________ and the pons (___________ fibres).

Answer 15

cerebral peduncles is a white matter tract which makes up the floor of the midbrain. They carry information between the cortex and the spinal cord (corticospinal fibres) and between the cortex and the pons (corticopontine fibres).

Question 16

Hindbrain structures include…

Answer 16

1. pons
2. medulla
3. cerebellum
4. 4th ventricle

Question 17

pons

Answer 17

carries corticospinal fibres and nuclei of cranial nerves

Question 18

medulla

Answer 18

carries corticospinal fibres e.g. the pyramids, cranial nerve nuclei, and grey matter (which controls breathing and heart).

Question 19

cerebellum

Answer 19

fine motor control , balance

IPSILATERAL control

Question 20

brainstem =

Answer 20

midbrain + hindbrain - cerebellum

Question 21

how to identify the central sulcus

Answer 21

follow back the three gyri of the frontal lobe (superior frontal, middle frontal, inferior frontal) until they crossed by a major gyrus running transversely across the hemisphere = precentral gyrus.

Question 22

most superior lobe of the brain

Answer 22

parietal

Question 23

which lobe is defined by the central sulcus and the lateral fissure

Answer 23

frontal

Question 24

lobe inferior to the lateral fissure

Answer 24

temporal

Question 25

most posterior lobe of the brain

Answer 25

occipital

Question 26

pre-central gyrus

Answer 26

primary motor cortex

Question 27

post-central gyrus

Answer 27

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 28

exner's area

Answer 28

- coordinates/controls hand movements for writing - middle frontal gyrus - anterior to the pre-central gyrus

Question 29

Broca's speech area

Answer 29

- coordinates/controls larynx and tongue for speech - inferior frontal gyrus - anterior to the pre-central gyrus

Question 30

Wernicke's speech area

Answer 30

- main processing centre for spoken language - sounds become speech with meaning - posterior to the PAC below the lateral fissure

Question 31

longitudinal fissure

Answer 31

separates left and right hemispheres

Question 32

supramarginal and angular gyri

Answer 32

interprets visual symbols as written words

Question 33

primary auditory cortex

Answer 33

tonotopic representation of sounds, adjacent and anterior to Wernicke's

Question 34

primary visual cortex

Answer 34

visuotopic

Question 35

the putamen and globus pallidus sit _______ and ________ to the thalamus.

Answer 35

the putamen and globus pallidus sit _lateral_ and _anterior_ to the thalamus.

Question 36

the caudate nucleus is _-_______ with its large head attached to the ________ anteriorly.

Answer 36

the caudate nucleus is _c-shaped_ with its large head attached to the _putamen_ anteriorly.

Question 37

how does the folding of the cortex affect its available area?

Answer 37

triples it

Question 38

3 structures which make up the superficial part of the hemispheres in the forebrain

Answer 38

1. cerebral cortex 2. corpus callosum 3. lateral ventricles 4. primary visual cortex

Question 39

what makes up the basal ganglia of the forebrain?

Answer 39

1. caudate nucleus 2. putamen 3. globus pallidus

Question 40

function of the basal ganglia

Answer 40

motor centres which initiate and terminate gross body movements, and control muscle tone.

Question 41

commissural fibres

Answer 41

link BETWEEN HEMISPHERES e.g. corpus callosum L to R

Question 42

projection fibres

Answer 42

link SUPERIOR and INFERIOR structures e.g. internal capsule inf. to sup.

Question 43

association fibres

Answer 43

link ANTERIOR to POSTERIOR e.g. arcuate fasciculus

Question 44

``` hearing a question and speaking a reply: receive input: understand: plan response: conduct response: feedback: ```

Answer 44

``` hearing a question and speaking a reply: receive input: PAC understand: Wernicke's plan response: Broca's conduct response: PMC feedback: PAC - Wernicke's ```

Question 45

``` reading a written question and writing a reply: receive input: understand: plan response: conduct response: feedback: ```

Answer 45

reading a written question and writing a reply: receive input: PVC understand: Supramarginal and angular gyri plan response: Exner's area conduct response: PMC feedback: PVC - Supramarginal and angular gyri