Autonomic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
PNS
A
- Cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- ganglia
- peripheral nerves
2
Q
CNS
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
3
Q
afferent neurons
A
sensory
towards the spinal cord
4
Q
efferent neurons
A
motor
away from the spinal cord
5
Q
somatic
A
voluntary - skeletal muscle
6
Q
autonomic
A
involuntary
sympathetic or parasympathetic - Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
7
Q
synaptic transmission
A
- nerve impulse
- voltage gated Ca2+ channel
- synaptic vesicle fuses to presynaptic neuron
- neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
- binds receptor on ligand-gated channels
- Na+ enters
8
Q
alarm response
A
sympathetic
9
Q
relaxation response
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
constriction of bronchi
A
parasympathetic
11
Q
contraction of pupil
A
parasympathetic
12
Q
decreased salavation
A
sympathetic
13
Q
decreased digestion
A
sympathetic (because its a long-term process we don’t need)
14
Q
pupils dilate
A
sympathetic
15
Q
sympathetic response associated with…
A
exercise, emotion, excitement
16
Q
parasympathetic response associated with…
A
repletion, rest, relaxation
17
Q
sensory input for autonomic nervous system
A
mainly interoceptors (internal sensing)
18
Q
sensory input for somatic nervous system
A
special senses and somatic senses
19
Q
control of output for autonomic
A
involuntary from limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem and spinal cord
20
Q
control of output for somatic
A
voluntary control from cerebral cortex
21
Q
motor neuron pathway for autonomic
A
two-neuron pathway
22
Q
motor neuron pathway for somatic
A
one-neuron pathway
23
Q
neurotransmitters in autonomic
A
ACh and noraepinephrine
24
Q
neurotransmitters in somatic
A
ACh
25
effectors of the autonomic nervous system
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
26
effectors of the somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
27
noraepinephrine found where in the autonomic nervous system
postganglionic sympathetic fibres other than to sweat glands
28
Raynaud disease
excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or exposure to the cold, leading to chronic vasoconstriction, which causes fingers and toes to become ischemic (lack of blood) and appear white.
29
ACh found where in the autonomic nervous system
- preganglionic axons
- postganglionic parasympathetic
- postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands
30
Hypothalamus controls...
- internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
- body temperature
31
Hypothalamus regulates...
- behavioural patterns, circardian rythyms and sleep/wake cycles
- eating and drinking behaviour
32
Endocrine hormones affect
distant target cells
33
paracrine hormones affect
nearby target cells
34
autocrine hormones affect
same target cell
35
Mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones
1. lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2. activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
4. new protein alters cell's activity
36
Mechanism of action of water-soluble hormones
1. binding to receptor activates G protein which activates adenyl cyclase
2. activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases
4. activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5. phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
37
Action of CHOLERA
Cholera toxin binds to G protein and locks G protein in active state. This leads to high cAMP which pumps Cl- into the lumen of the intestines. Water flows out = CHRONIC DIARRHOEA
38
infundibulum
connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
39
hormones of the hypothalamus
- 9 hormones
| - releasing and inhibiting hormones to control pituitary
40
hormones of the pituitary
- 7 hormones
| - controlling endocrine organs
41
pituitary and hypothalamus work together to...
regulate growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
42
hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland
hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release hormones from axon termini - hypophyseal portal vein - secondary plexus - pituitary target cells
43
adrenal medulla (hormones, stimulated by, principal actions)
- Hormones: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Stimulated by: ACh from sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
- Principal actions: Enhance alarm response
44
adrenal cortex hormones
A) Mineralocorticoids
| B) Glucocorticoids
45
stimulation and action of Mineralocorticoids
increased K+ and Angiotensin II in the blood stimulates release. Mineralocorticoids then act to increase blood Na+ and water and decrease K+ which results in an increased blood volume and pressure
46
stimulation and and action of glucocorticoids
stimulated by ACTH from pituitary which in turn is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. glucocorticoids act to dampen inflammation and depress immune responses (resistance reaction to stress)
47
aldosterone
mineralocorticoid
48
cortisol
glucocorticoid
49
Negative feedback effects on pituitary gland (cortisol example)
1. CRH released from the hypothalamus
2. ACTH released from the anterior pituitary
3. cortisol released from adrenal cortex
4. elevated cortisol inhibits release of ACTH by anterior pituitary corticotrophs
5. elevated cortisol inhibits release of CRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
50
Actions of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
- Increased protein breakdown (mainly in muscle fibres)
- glucenogenesis
- lipolysis
- resistance to stress
- vasoconstriction
- anti-inflammatory (inhibit WBCs that participate in the inflammatory response)
- immune depression
51
2 stages of the stress response
1. fight-or-flight response:
- sympathetic
- immediate
- adrenal medulla (norepineprine and epinephrine)
2. resistance reaction:
- long lasting
- adrenal cortex (cortisol)
52
How does long-term sympathetic affect th heart
heart working harder and capillaries constricted which leads to a greater risk of cardiac infarct (heart attack)
53
types of stress
1. eustress (acute) - prepares us to meet a challenge, beneficial
2. distress (chronic) - associated with undesirable events, potentially harmful.
54
links between neuroendocrine and immune system. ______ nerves and ______ (e.g. cortisol) are features of the _________ system which influence the ________ system. The ______ system uses _______ (______ hormones) as its influence back onto the ________ system.
links between neuroendocrine and immune system. _autonomic_ nerves and _Hormones_ (e.g. cortisol) are features of the _neuroendocrine_ system which influence the _immune_ system. The _immune_ system uses _cytokines_ (_immune_ hormones) as its influence back onto the _neuroendocrine_ system.
